How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances: AQA GCSE Chemistry questions

Every AQA GCSE Chemistry exam question on 4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances, 2018–2025, with its mark scheme and examiner’s report.

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Q01.2
June 2025 · Paper 1 Higher
1 mark4.1.2 The periodic table 4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances
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Q02.3
June 2025 · Paper 1 Higher
4 marks4.2.1 Chemical bonds, ionic, covalent and metallic 4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances
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Q02.4
June 2025 · Paper 1 Higher
1 mark4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances
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Q02.5
June 2025 · Paper 1 Higher
1 mark4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances
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Q04.2
June 2025 · Paper 1 Higher
1 mark4.1.2 The periodic table 4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances
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Q06.1
June 2025 · Paper 1 Higher
4 marks4.2.1 Chemical bonds, ionic, covalent and metallic 4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances
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Q08.2
June 2025 · Paper 1 Foundation
1 mark4.1.2 The periodic table 4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances
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Q09.3
June 2025 · Paper 1 Foundation
4 marks4.2.1 Chemical bonds, ionic, covalent and metallic 4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances
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Q09.4
June 2025 · Paper 1 Foundation
1 mark4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances
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Q09.5
June 2025 · Paper 1 Foundation
1 mark4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances
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Q02.2
June 2025 · Paper 2 Higher
2 marks4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances 4.7.1 Carbon compounds as fuels and feedstock
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Q01.5
June 2025 · Paper 2 Foundation
1 mark4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances 4.8.3 Identification of ions by chemical and spectroscopic means
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Q04.2
June 2025 · Paper 2 Foundation
1 mark4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances 4.10.4 The Haber process and the use of NPK fertilisers
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Q07.4
June 2025 · Paper 2 Foundation
3 marks4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances 4.10.3 Using materials
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Q09.2
June 2025 · Paper 2 Foundation
2 marks4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances 4.7.1 Carbon compounds as fuels and feedstock
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Q04.4
June 2024 · Paper 1 Higher
2 marks4.1.1 A simple model of the atom, symbols, relative atomic mass, electronic charge and isotopes 4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances
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Q05.2
June 2024 · Paper 1 Higher
1 mark4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances 4.4.3 Electrolysis
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Q07.1
June 2024 · Paper 1 Higher
2 marks4.2.1 Chemical bonds, ionic, covalent and metallic 4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances
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Q07.2
June 2024 · Paper 1 Higher
3 marks4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances
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Q08.1
June 2024 · Paper 1 Higher
3 marks4.2.1 Chemical bonds, ionic, covalent and metallic 4.2.2 How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances
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All 100 questions on How bonding and structure are related to the properties of substances, as a list

June 2025, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.2 (1 mark): Gallium (Ga) is a metallic element in Group 3. Which of these properties of gallium is not typical of most metals? [1 mark] Tick () one box. A boiling point ab
June 2025, Paper 1 Higher, Q02.3 (4 marks): Describe the structure and bonding of graphite. [4 marks]
June 2025, Paper 1 Higher, Q02.4 (1 mark): Substances that consist of small molecules do not conduct electricity. Give one reason why. [1 mark]
June 2025, Paper 1 Higher, Q02.5 (1 mark): Methane consists of small molecules. Poly(ethene) is a polymer. Why does poly(ethene) have a higher melting point than methane? [1 mark] Tick () one box. Poly(
June 2025, Paper 1 Higher, Q04.2 (1 mark): What is the state of fluorine at –250 °C? Use Figure 4. [1 mark]
June 2025, Paper 1 Higher, Q06.1 (4 marks): Aluminium oxide is an ionic compound. Explain why aluminium oxide has a very high melting point. [4 marks]
June 2025, Paper 1 Foundation, Q08.2 (1 mark): Gallium (Ga) is a metallic element in Group 3. Which of these properties of gallium is not typical of most metals? [1 mark] Tick () one box. A boiling point ab
June 2025, Paper 1 Foundation, Q09.3 (4 marks): Describe the structure and bonding of graphite. [4 marks]
June 2025, Paper 1 Foundation, Q09.4 (1 mark): Substances that consist of small molecules do not conduct electricity. Give one reason why. [1 mark]
June 2025, Paper 1 Foundation, Q09.5 (1 mark): Methane consists of small molecules. Poly(ethene) is a polymer. Why does poly(ethene) have a higher melting point than methane? [1 mark] Tick () one box. Poly(
June 2025, Paper 2 Higher, Q02.2 (2 marks): Changes of state take place during the process in Figure 1. Name the change of state taking place in: • the heater • the column. [2 marks] Heater Column
June 2025, Paper 2 Foundation, Q01.5 (1 mark): Complete the sentence. Choose the answer from the box. [1 mark] A precipitate is a . gas liquid solid
June 2025, Paper 2 Foundation, Q04.2 (1 mark): Which process takes place at X in Figure 3? [1 mark] Tick () one box. Cooling Filtering Melting
June 2025, Paper 2 Foundation, Q07.4 (3 marks): Figure 6 represents the structure of 18 carat gold and of 24 carat gold. Figure 6 Explain why 18 carat gold is harder than 24 carat gold. [3 marks]
June 2025, Paper 2 Foundation, Q09.2 (2 marks): Changes of state take place during the process in Figure 7. Name the change of state taking place in: • the heater • the column. [2 marks] Heater Column
June 2024, Paper 1 Higher, Q04.4 (2 marks): Complete the ionic equation for the reaction between zinc and copper sulfate solution. Include state symbols. [2 marks] Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) → ( ) + ( )
June 2024, Paper 1 Higher, Q05.2 (1 mark): Solid calcium chloride cannot be electrolysed. Give one reason why. [1 mark]
June 2024, Paper 1 Higher, Q07.1 (2 marks): Iron is a metal. Describe how iron conducts thermal energy. [2 marks]
June 2024, Paper 1 Higher, Q07.2 (3 marks): Pure iron is too soft for many uses. Explain why mixing iron with other metals makes alloys which are harder than pure iron. [3 marks]
June 2024, Paper 1 Higher, Q08.1 (3 marks): Explain why propane has a low boiling point. [3 marks]
June 2024, Paper 1 Foundation, Q05.5 (1 mark): Methane: • is a carbon compound • exists as small molecules • has a low boiling point. What is the reason for the low boiling point of methane? [1 mark] Tick (
June 2024, Paper 2 Higher, Q08.8 (2 marks): Explain why some polymers do not melt when heated. [2 marks]
June 2023, Paper 1 Higher, Q04.5 (4 marks): Figure 5 represents molecules of methane and of poly(ethene). Figure 5 Methane is a gas at room temperature but poly(ethene) is a solid at room temperature. Exp
June 2023, Paper 1 Higher, Q06.1 (4 marks): Evaluate the use of aluminium, copper and silver for the types of electrical wires shown in Figure 6. Use Table 5. [4 marks]
June 2023, Paper 1 Higher, Q06.2 (3 marks): Describe how metals conduct electricity. [3 marks]
June 2023, Paper 1 Higher, Q06.3 (2 marks): Electrical wires are usually made of pure metals and not alloys. This is because pure metals are better electrical conductors. Suggest why alloys do not conduct
June 2023, Paper 1 Foundation, Q04.1 (3 marks): The solder in Figure 4 has 6 lead atoms for every 24 tin atoms. Determine the percentage of atoms that are lead atoms in the solder in Figure 4. [3 marks] Perce
June 2023, Paper 1 Foundation, Q04.2 (2 marks): Explain why solder is harder than pure tin. Complete the sentences. Use Figure 4. [2 marks] In solder the layers are distorted. This is because the atoms of tin
June 2023, Paper 1 Foundation, Q04.3 (3 marks): Describe what happens to the melting point of the solder as the percentage by mass of tin increases. Use data from Figure 5. [3 marks]
June 2023, Paper 1 Foundation, Q04.4 (1 mark): What is the melting point of pure tin? Use Figure 5. [1 mark] Melting point of pure tin = °C
June 2023, Paper 1 Foundation, Q04.5 (1 mark): What happens to the atoms in pure tin as the tin melts? [1 mark] Tick () one box. The atoms gain energy and their arrangement becomes less ordered. The atoms g
June 2023, Paper 1 Foundation, Q06.4 (4 marks): The metals aluminium and copper can be used to make pans for cooking. Table 2 shows information about the two metals. The higher the value for thermal conductiv
June 2023, Paper 2 Foundation, Q06.1 (2 marks): Explain why coal is usually transported to power stations by train and not by pipeline. Use Table 5. [2 marks]
June 2022, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.5 (3 marks): Aluminium is a metal. Describe how metals conduct electricity. Answer in terms of electrons. [3 marks]
June 2022, Paper 1 Higher, Q03.2 (3 marks): Explain why diamond has a very high melting point. [3 marks] Figure 6 represents the molecule C70 Figure 6
June 2022, Paper 1 Higher, Q04.1 (1 mark): The student adds zinc oxide to hydrochloric acid until the zinc oxide is in excess. Give one observation that the student could make to show that the zinc oxide
June 2022, Paper 1 Higher, Q08.4 (3 marks): Explain why the electrical conductivity of the mixture was zero when the sulfuric acid had just been neutralised. Use the equation for the reaction. Refer to io
June 2022, Paper 1 Higher, Q08.5 (1 mark): The student then added a further 10 cm3 of barium hydroxide solution. The electrical conductivity of the mixture increased. Give one reason why. [1 mark]
June 2022, Paper 1 Foundation, Q06.2 (1 mark): Which diagram represents poly(ethene)? [1 mark] Tick () one box. A B C D
June 2022, Paper 1 Foundation, Q06.4 (1 mark): Which is a property of diamond? [1 mark] Tick () one box. Conducts electricity Low melting point Very hard
June 2022, Paper 1 Foundation, Q08.3 (1 mark): Ionic compounds can be electrolysed when molten or dissolved in water. Why can ionic compounds not be electrolysed when solid? You should answer in terms of ion
June 2022, Paper 1 Foundation, Q08.6 (1 mark): What is the state symbol for molten sodium chloride? [1 mark] Tick () one box. (aq) (g) (l) (s)
June 2022, Paper 1 Foundation, Q09.5 (3 marks): Aluminium is a metal. Describe how metals conduct electricity. Answer in terms of electrons. [3 marks]
June 2022, Paper 2 Foundation, Q06.2 (1 mark): The mixture becomes cloudy because the sulfur produced is a solid. What is the state symbol for a solid? [1 mark] Tick () one box. (aq) (g) (l) (s)
November 2021, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.5 (1 mark): Propanone is a liquid with a low boiling point. Why does propanone have a low boiling point? [1 mark] Tick () one box. The covalent bonds are strong. The coval
November 2021, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.6 (6 marks): Figure 3 represents the structure of graphite. Figure 3 Explain why graphite is: • a good electrical conductor • soft and slippery. You should answer in terms o
November 2021, Paper 1 Higher, Q04.6 (3 marks): Explain why sodium oxide has a high melting point. [3 marks]
November 2021, Paper 1 Higher, Q06.1 (1 mark): Table 3 shows information about four substances. Table 3 Substance Melting point in °C Boiling point in °C Does it conduct electricity in the solid state? Does
November 2021, Paper 1 Higher, Q06.2 (3 marks): Explain why alloys are harder than pure metals. [3 marks]
November 2021, Paper 1 Higher, Q08.1 (1 mark): What does H2O(g) represent? [1 mark]
November 2021, Paper 1 Foundation, Q08.5 (1 mark): Propanone is a liquid with a low boiling point. Why does propanone have a low boiling point? [1 mark] Tick () one box. The covalent bonds are strong. The coval
November 2021, Paper 1 Foundation, Q08.6 (6 marks): Figure 15 represents the structure of graphite. Figure 15 Explain why graphite is: • a good electrical conductor • soft and slippery. You should answer in terms
November 2021, Paper 2 Higher, Q02.4 (1 mark): What is the state at 20 °C of the alkane with four carbon atoms in a molecule? Use Table 1. [1 mark] Table 1 is repeated below. Table 1 Number of carbon atoms i
November 2021, Paper 2 Foundation, Q03.8 (1 mark): Why is an alloy used instead of pure aluminium to make window frames? [1 mark]
November 2021, Paper 2 Foundation, Q09.4 (1 mark): What is the state at 20 °C of the alkane with four carbon atoms in a molecule? Use Table 6. [1 mark] Table 6 is repeated below. Table 6 Number of carbon atoms i
November 2020, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.1 (2 marks): Which two substances have intermolecular forces between particles? [2 marks] Tick () two boxes. Diamond Magnesium Poly(ethene) Sodium chloride Water
November 2020, Paper 1 Higher, Q06.3 (2 marks): Complete the ionic equation for the reaction. You should include state symbols. [2 marks] Mg(s) + Zn2+(aq) → _________ + _________
November 2020, Paper 1 Higher, Q07.4 (2 marks): The three states of matter can be represented by a simple particle model. Figure 4 shows a simple particle model for hydrogen gas. Figure 4 Give two limitations
November 2020, Paper 1 Higher, Q07.5 (1 mark): The hydrogen gas needed to power a car for 400 km would occupy a large volume. Suggest one way that this volume can be reduced. [1 mark]
November 2020, Paper 1 Higher, Q08.1 (1 mark): What is the state of bromine at 0 °C and at 100 °C? [1 mark] Tick () one box. State at 0 °C State at 100 °C Gas Gas Gas Liquid Liquid Gas Liquid Liquid Solid G
November 2020, Paper 1 Higher, Q08.2 (4 marks): Explain the trend in boiling points of the halogens shown in Table 5. [4 marks]
November 2020, Paper 1 Higher, Q08.3 (1 mark): Why is it not correct to say that the boiling point of a single bromine molecule is 59 °C? [1 mark]
November 2020, Paper 1 Higher, Q09.3 (3 marks): A second student repeated the investigation using a metal container instead of the polystyrene cup. The container and the cup were the same size and shape. Sket
November 2020, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.1 (1 mark): What is the state of bromine at 100 °C? Use Table 1. [1 mark] Tick () one box. Gas Liquid Solid
November 2020, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.2 (1 mark): What temperature does chlorine gas condense at to form a liquid? Use Table 1. [1 mark] Temperature = °C
November 2020, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.3 (2 marks): Complete the sentences. [2 marks] Going down Group 7 the melting points . This is because the size of the molecules increases so the intermolecular forces .
November 2020, Paper 1 Foundation, Q05.1 (2 marks): Aluminium is a metal. Draw one line from each property of aluminium to the correct reason for that property. [2 marks] Property Reason Conducts electricity High
November 2020, Paper 1 Foundation, Q05.2 (1 mark): Aluminium can be used to make alloys. What is meant by an ‘alloy’? [1 mark] Aluminium is extracted from bauxite.
November 2020, Paper 1 Foundation, Q08.1 (2 marks): Which two substances have intermolecular forces between particles? [2 marks] Tick () two boxes. Diamond Magnesium Poly(ethene) Sodium chloride Water
November 2020, Paper 2 Higher, Q10.1 (1 mark): Give the name of the solvent used to dissolve the ions in this reaction. [1 mark]
November 2020, Paper 2 Foundation, Q05.4 (2 marks): Suggest two reasons why alloys of gold are used instead of pure gold to make jewellery. [2 marks] 1 2 Steels are alloys of iron.
November 2020, Paper 2 Foundation, Q06.5 (1 mark): What type of bond joins the atoms in a molecule of poly(propene)? [1 mark] Tick () one box. Covalent Ionic Metallic
November 2020, Paper 2 Foundation, Q07.7 (1 mark): Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate. The equation for the reaction is: 2 CH3COOH(aq) + Na2CO3(s) → 2 CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) What is the name of t
June 2019, Paper 1 Higher, Q03.2 (4 marks): Figure 4 shows a badminton racket. Figure 4 Table 1 shows some properties of materials. The materials could be used to make badminton racket frames. Table 1 Mat
June 2019, Paper 1 Higher, Q05.3 (3 marks): Explain why ammonia has a low boiling point. You should refer to structure and bonding in your answer. [3 marks]
June 2019, Paper 1 Foundation, Q05.1 (1 mark): What is the state symbol X in the equation? [1 mark] Tick () one box. aq g l s
June 2019, Paper 1 Foundation, Q10.2 (4 marks): Figure 14 shows a badminton racket. Figure 14 Table 4 shows some properties of materials. The materials could be used to make badminton racket frames. Table 4 M
June 2018, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.4 (2 marks): Calculate the percentage of metal B atoms in the mixture of metals shown in Figure 2. [2 marks] Percentage of metal B atoms = %
June 2018, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.5 (1 mark): What is a mixture of metals called? [1 mark] Tick one box. An alloy A compound A molecule A polymer
June 2018, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.6 (1 mark): Why is the mixture of metals in Figure 2 harder than the pure metal? [1 mark] Tick one box. The atoms in the mixture are different shapes. The layers in the mix
June 2018, Paper 1 Foundation, Q02.2 (1 mark): Bromine reacts with hydrogen. The gas hydrogen bromide is produced. What is the structure of hydrogen bromide? [1 mark] Tick one box. Giant covalent Ionic latti
June 2018, Paper 1 Foundation, Q05.1 (1 mark): Complete the sentence. [1 mark] The state symbol shows carbon dioxide is a .
June 2018, Paper 2 Higher, Q05.1 (2 marks): The equation for the reaction is: Na2S2O3(aq) + 2 HCl(aq) → 2 NaCl(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O(l) + S(s) Explain why the solution becomes cloudy. [2 marks]
Specimen, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.1: Why does iodine have a higher boiling point than chlorine? [1 mar Tick one box. Iodine is ionic and chlorine is covalent Iodine is less reactive than chlorine T
Specimen, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.5: Why does potassium iodide solution conduct electricity? [1 mar Tick one box. It contains a metal It contains electrons which can move It contains ions which can
Specimen, Paper 1 Higher, Q03.5 (2 marks): Covalent compounds such as hydrogen sulfide have low melting points and do not conduct electricity when molten. Draw one line from each property to the explanat
Specimen, Paper 1 Higher, Q03.6 (2 marks): Ionic compounds such as potassium sulfide have high boiling points and conduct electricity when dissolved in water. Draw one line from each property to the expl
Specimen, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.1 (4 marks): Draw one line from each statement to the diagram which shows the structure. [4 mark 3
Specimen, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.2 (1 mark): What is the name of this element? [1 mark Tick one box. Carbon Chloride Nitrogen Xenon
Specimen, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.4 (2 marks): Explain why this alloy is harder than the pure metal Y. [2 mark
Specimen, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.5 (2 marks): What percentage of the atoms in the alloys are atoms of X? [2 marks 5
Specimen, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.6 (1 mark): What type of substance is an alloy? [1 mark] Tick one box. Compound Element Mixture 6
Specimen, Paper 1 Foundation, Q06.1 (2 marks): Complete the state symbols in the equation. [2 marks] CuCO3 (…..) + H2SO4 (aq) → CuSO4 (aq) + H2O (…..) + CO2 (g)
Specimen, Paper 1 Foundation, Q09.5 (2 marks): Covalent compounds such as hydrogen sulfide have low melting points and do not conduct electricity when molten. Draw one line from each property to the explanat
Specimen, Paper 1 Foundation, Q09.6 (2 marks): Ionic compounds such as potassium sulfide have high boiling points and conduct electricity when dissolved in water. Draw one line from each property to the expl
Specimen, Paper 2 Higher, Q02.4 (2 marks): How could the water be tested to show it is pure? Give the expected result of the test for pure water. [2 marks]
Specimen, Paper 2 Higher, Q10.1 (1 mark): Why does the mixture from the separator contain ethanol and water? [1 mark] 3
Specimen, Paper 2 Foundation, Q03.3 (2 marks): Suggest two reasons why 9 carat gold is often used instead of pure gold to make jewellery. [2 marks 1 2 8 9
Specimen, Paper 2 Foundation, Q06.2 (1 mark): Which statement is correct? [1 mark] Tick one box. A molecule of ethanol has 5 hydrogen atoms Butanol has the highest boiling point Methanol has the largest mol
Specimen, Paper 2 Foundation, Q10.4 (2 marks): How could the water be tested to show it is pure? Give the expected result of the test for pure water. [2 mark

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