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Application of reproduction and genetics: Eduqas A‑Level Biology questions

Every Eduqas A-Level Biology exam question on 2.7 Application of reproduction and genetics, 2016–2025, with its mark scheme and examiner’s report.

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2,061 questions

  1. Q2(b)(iv)

    June 2025 · Component 2

    3 marks2.7 Application of reproduction and genetics
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 Component 2, question 2(b)(iv): Explain how named enzymes would be used to cut genes for Rubisco from tobacco and splice them into a vector. [3] The genetically modified wheat may be used for

  2. Q2(b)(v)

    June 2025 · Component 2

    2 marks2.7 Application of reproduction and genetics
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 Component 2, question 2(b)(v): Give one benefit and one concern over the use of this genetically modified wheat crop. [2] Benefit: Concern:

  3. Q3(a)(i)

    June 2025 · Component 2

    2 marks2.7 Application of reproduction and genetics
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 Component 2, question 3(a)(i): Give two reasons why it is important to know the individual components of the food. [2] I. II. Samples of meat products are tested for the presence of different

  4. Q3(a)(ii)

    June 2025 · Component 2

    4 marks2.7 Application of reproduction and geneticsC.5 Nucleic acids and their functions
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 Component 2, question 3(a)(ii): DNA replication takes place in both human cells and in PCR. State two similarities and two differences between DNA replication in PCR and DNA replication in cel

  5. Q3(a)(iii)

    June 2025 · Component 2

    2 marks2.7 Application of reproduction and genetics
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 Component 2, question 3(a)(iii): Use Graph 3.1 to estimate the mass of DNA obtained after 210 minutes. Show how you estimated the value on Graph 3.1. [2] Mass of DNA obtained after 210 minutes

  6. Q3(a)(iv)

    June 2025 · Component 2

    1 mark2.7 Application of reproduction and genetics
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 Component 2, question 3(a)(iv): When the PCR cycle is repeated it is theoretically possible to produce over 3.35 × 107 copies of the target sequence from just one piece of DNA. Suggest one rea

  7. Q3(b)(i)

    June 2025 · Component 2

    2 marks2.7 Application of reproduction and genetics
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 Component 2, question 3(b)(i): Draw an arrow on Image 3.2 to show the direction in which the fragments moved during electrophoresis. Explain why you have drawn the arrow in that direction. [2

  8. Q3(b)(ii)

    June 2025 · Component 2

    1 mark2.7 Application of reproduction and genetics
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 Component 2, question 3(b)(ii): Explain why a DNA ladder is run alongside fragments in gel electrophoresis. [1]

  9. Q3(b)(iii)

    June 2025 · Component 2

    2 marks2.7 Application of reproduction and genetics
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 Component 2, question 3(b)(iii): Although a DNA ladder was present, it was not needed in this case. Explain why. [2]

  10. Q3(b)(iv)

    June 2025 · Component 2

    2 marks2.7 Application of reproduction and genetics
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 Component 2, question 3(b)(iv): Conclude what the results in Image 3.2 show about the contents of the meat in the pie. [2]

  11. Q3(b)(v)

    June 2025 · Component 2

    1 mark2.7 Application of reproduction and genetics
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 Component 2, question 3(b)(v): The use of PCR and genetic fingerprinting does not allow the scientists to calculate the percentage of the meat types present. Suggest one reason why. [1]

  12. Q1(e)

    June 2024 · Component 2

    1 mark2.7 Application of reproduction and genetics
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2024 Component 2, question 1(e): After the baby is born, the placenta and the umbilical cord can be used as a source of stem cells. These may be used for replacing damaged tissues and organs wh

  13. Q2(a)(i)

    June 2024 · Component 2

    2 marks2.7 Application of reproduction and genetics
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2024 Component 2, question 2(a)(i): Suggest why it was important to the volunteers that the DNA samples had their identification removed.  [2]

  14. Q2(a)(ii)

    June 2024 · Component 2

    2 marks2.7 Application of reproduction and genetics
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2024 Component 2, question 2(a)(ii): Suggest two ways in which the Human Genome Project may lead to improved treatments for genetic medical conditions.  [2]

  15. Q7

    June 2024 · Component 2

    9 marks2.7 Application of reproduction and genetics
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2024 Component 2, question 7: Bioluminescence is the natural ability to produce light through a chemical reaction. This property is possessed by certain marine animals, such as jellyfish. Ae

  16. Q5(a)(ii)

    June 2023 · Component 2

    1 mark2.7 Application of reproduction and genetics
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2023 Component 2, question 5(a)(ii): Cas9 can be used to inactivate specific human genes by cutting them. The section of gRNA used to locate the gene is usually only 20 bases long. Suggest why usin

  17. Q5(a)(iii)

    June 2023 · Component 2

    3 marks2.7 Application of reproduction and genetics
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2023 Component 2, question 5(a)(iii): Artificial gRNA molecules can be made that have specific base sequences. Double stranded DNA containing functional alleles of genes associated with recessive ge

  18. Q5(a)(iv)

    June 2023 · Component 2

    2 marks2.7 Application of reproduction and genetics
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2023 Component 2, question 5(a)(iv): Suggest two advantages of germ-line therapy. [2]

  19. Q5(c)(i)

    June 2022 · Component 2

    3 marks2.7 Application of reproduction and genetics
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2022 Component 2, question 5(c)(i): The arrow shows the direction of movement of the DNA fragments in the electrophoresis gel. Explain why the fragments have separated as shown in Image 5.3. [3]

  20. Q5(c)(ii)

    June 2022 · Component 2

    2 marks2.7 Application of reproduction and genetics
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2022 Component 2, question 5(c)(ii): Using information from Image 5.3 complete the table below to show the base sequence of the original double stranded DNA. [2] 5´ 3´ sequence of bases from gel el
All 48 questions on Application of reproduction and genetics, as a list
  1. June 2025, Component 2, Q2(b)(iv) (3 marks): Explain how named enzymes would be used to cut genes for Rubisco from tobacco and splice them into a vector. [3] The genetically modified wheat may be used for
  2. June 2025, Component 2, Q2(b)(v) (2 marks): Give one benefit and one concern over the use of this genetically modified wheat crop. [2] Benefit: Concern:
  3. June 2025, Component 2, Q3(a)(i) (2 marks): Give two reasons why it is important to know the individual components of the food. [2] I. II. Samples of meat products are tested for the presence of different
  4. June 2025, Component 2, Q3(a)(ii) (4 marks): DNA replication takes place in both human cells and in PCR. State two similarities and two differences between DNA replication in PCR and DNA replication in cel
  5. June 2025, Component 2, Q3(a)(iii) (2 marks): Use Graph 3.1 to estimate the mass of DNA obtained after 210 minutes. Show how you estimated the value on Graph 3.1. [2] Mass of DNA obtained after 210 minutes
  6. June 2025, Component 2, Q3(a)(iv) (1 mark): When the PCR cycle is repeated it is theoretically possible to produce over 3.35 × 107 copies of the target sequence from just one piece of DNA. Suggest one rea
  7. June 2025, Component 2, Q3(b)(i) (2 marks): Draw an arrow on Image 3.2 to show the direction in which the fragments moved during electrophoresis. Explain why you have drawn the arrow in that direction. [2
  8. June 2025, Component 2, Q3(b)(ii) (1 mark): Explain why a DNA ladder is run alongside fragments in gel electrophoresis. [1]
  9. June 2025, Component 2, Q3(b)(iii) (2 marks): Although a DNA ladder was present, it was not needed in this case. Explain why. [2]
  10. June 2025, Component 2, Q3(b)(iv) (2 marks): Conclude what the results in Image 3.2 show about the contents of the meat in the pie. [2]
  11. June 2025, Component 2, Q3(b)(v) (1 mark): The use of PCR and genetic fingerprinting does not allow the scientists to calculate the percentage of the meat types present. Suggest one reason why. [1]
  12. June 2024, Component 2, Q1(e) (1 mark): After the baby is born, the placenta and the umbilical cord can be used as a source of stem cells. These may be used for replacing damaged tissues and organs wh
  13. June 2024, Component 2, Q2(a)(i) (2 marks): Suggest why it was important to the volunteers that the DNA samples had their identification removed.  [2]
  14. June 2024, Component 2, Q2(a)(ii) (2 marks): Suggest two ways in which the Human Genome Project may lead to improved treatments for genetic medical conditions.  [2]
  15. June 2024, Component 2, Q7 (9 marks): Bioluminescence is the natural ability to produce light through a chemical reaction. This property is possessed by certain marine animals, such as jellyfish. Ae
  16. June 2023, Component 2, Q5(a)(ii) (1 mark): Cas9 can be used to inactivate specific human genes by cutting them. The section of gRNA used to locate the gene is usually only 20 bases long. Suggest why usin
  17. June 2023, Component 2, Q5(a)(iii) (3 marks): Artificial gRNA molecules can be made that have specific base sequences. Double stranded DNA containing functional alleles of genes associated with recessive ge
  18. June 2023, Component 2, Q5(a)(iv) (2 marks): Suggest two advantages of germ-line therapy. [2]
  19. June 2022, Component 2, Q5(c)(i) (3 marks): The arrow shows the direction of movement of the DNA fragments in the electrophoresis gel. Explain why the fragments have separated as shown in Image 5.3. [3]
  20. June 2022, Component 2, Q5(c)(ii) (2 marks): Using information from Image 5.3 complete the table below to show the base sequence of the original double stranded DNA. [2] 5´ 3´ sequence of bases from gel el
  21. June 2022, Component 2, Q5(c)(iii) (1 mark): Sanger sequencing took several months to sequence a genome but Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) can sequence a whole genome in less than five hours. State one m
  22. Autumn 2021, Component 2, Q4(b)(i) (2 marks): Explain why a blood test is preferable to either sampling the amniotic fluid surrounding the foetus or sampling tissue from the placenta (chorionic villus sampl
  23. Autumn 2021, Component 2, Q6(c)(ii) (1 mark): Suggest why a person treated with a molecular patch to reduce the symptoms of DMD would still be able to pass on the mutation to the next generation. [1]
  24. Autumn 2021, Component 2, Q8 (9 marks): Read the passage below and then answer the questions that follow. The purpose of the original Human Genome Project was to improve our knowledge and understandin
  25. Autumn 2020, Component 2, Q3(c) (3 marks): In medicine, DNA samples can be taken from a developing foetus as part of pre-natal testing for genetic disorders. The quantity of DNA extracted is very small.
  26. Autumn 2020, Component 2, Q3(d)(i) (2 marks): Suggest why the treated child should still receive genetic counselling in the future before trying to become a parent. [2]
  27. Autumn 2020, Component 2, Q3(d)(ii) (1 mark): Suggest why there is opposition to producing one child specifically to treat a genetic disorder in another child. [1]
  28. Autumn 2020, Component 2, Q3(e) (2 marks): Gene therapy for beta thalassaemia has been trialled. Suggest one advantage and one possible disadvantage of using a non-pathogenic virus as the vector for the
  29. Autumn 2020, Component 2, Q4(b) (2 marks): Name and describe the function of two enzymes that could have been used to produce the modified plasmids transferred to A. tumefaciens. [2] Enzyme 1 Function En
  30. Autumn 2020, Component 2, Q4(c)(iii) (3 marks): Explain why a synthetic DNA sequence derived from mRNA might be the better option for genetically modifying rice cells. [3]
  31. Autumn 2020, Component 2, Q4(c)(iv) (3 marks): Outline the process by which a synthetic daffodil gene could be prepared from mRNA. [3]
  32. Autumn 2020, Component 2, Q4(d) (2 marks): The production of ‘golden rice’ is still in progress despite trials showing that humans can utilise the beta carotene contained in ‘golden rice’ to produce vita
  33. Autumn 2020, Component 2, Q6(b)(i) (1 mark): Complete table 6.3 by calculating the log10 value of the number of base pairs in the DNA fragments in the DNA ladder. [1]
  34. Autumn 2020, Component 2, Q6(b)(ii) (3 marks): Graph 6.4 shows some of the data from table 6.3. On graph 6.4: I. label the axes [1] II. plot the values for 10 mm and 30 mm [1] III. draw a line of best fit th
  35. Autumn 2020, Component 2, Q6(b)(iii) (3 marks): I. One fragment from A. fontanum has a circle drawn around it on the gel electrophoresis in image 6.2. This fragment travelled a distance of 95 mm. Use graph 6.
  36. Autumn 2020, Component 2, Q6(b)(iv) (1 mark): Suggest how you could modify the method to estimate the length of this DNA fragment more accurately. [1]
  37. Autumn 2020, Component 2, Q6(b)(v) (3 marks): It is known that A. forenzis is a hybrid of A. fontanum and one of the other two species shown on the gel electrophoresis in image 6.2. Use the information give
  38. June 2019, Component 2, Q2(b) (2 marks): Cas9 enzyme is a restriction endonuclease. State what is meant by a restriction endonuclease. [2] Genetic engineers have discovered that by synthesising guide R
  39. June 2019, Component 2, Q2(c) (3 marks): Scientists have identified a gene that is essential for fertility in mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Suggest how the CRISPR technique could be used to modify
  40. June 2019, Component 2, Q2(d) (3 marks): Explain how releasing these sterilised mosquitoes into the wild might benefit humankind and suggest an ethical reason for not doing so. [3]
  41. June 2018, Component 2, Q1(e)(ii) (2 marks): Why might it be important for the woman with Fabry disease in her family to know the sex of the embryo and what ethical issues might this cause? [2] The Hardy-W
  42. June 2018, Component 2, Q5(c)(i) (1 mark): Name a technique that the scientists could have used to amplify the DNA available from the museum specimens. [1]
  43. June 2018, Component 2, Q6 (9 marks): In April 2003 one of the most significant scientific breakthroughs of modern times was announced. After years of painstaking research carried out by thousands o
  44. June 2018, Component 3, Q6(d)(i) (2 marks): Explain the purpose of the DNA ladder on the image. [2]
  45. June 2018, Component 3, Q6(d)(ii) (3 marks): With reference to the quality and validity of the results, identify how many species of bacteria could be represented by the six samples and explain how you arr
  46. June 2017, Component 2, Q5(a) (3 marks): Explain how named enzymes would be used to cut genes from algae and splice them into Camelina plants. [3]
  47. June 2017, Component 3, Q5(c)(i) (1 mark): Suggest why it is generally considered that the use of GM chymosin is more ethically sound than using chymosin from animal rennet. [1]
  48. June 2017, Component 3, Q5(c)(ii) (3 marks): Bacteria of the species Escherichia coli were genetically engineered to contain the gene for chymosin. Due to the presence of multiple introns in the chymosin g

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