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All organisms are related through their evolutionary history: Eduqas A‑Level Biology questions

Every Eduqas A-Level Biology exam question on 2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary history, 2016–2025, with its mark scheme and examiner’s report.

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2,061 questions

  1. Q2(a)(i)

    June 2025 · Component 1

    1 mark2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary history
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 Component 1, question 2(a)(i): Classification of the different streptococcus bacteria is tentative as all these species appear similar after Gram staining. Explain the meaning of the term ten

  2. Q2(a)(ii)

    June 2025 · Component 1

    2 marks2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary history
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 Component 1, question 2(a)(ii): Explain how one biochemical method of analysis could be used to distinguish between the different species of Streptococcus. [2]

  3. Q6(a)(ii)

    June 2025 · Component 2

    1 mark2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary history
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 Component 2, question 6(a)(ii): State a numerical value for the species richness of: [1] Site 1 = Site 2 = The data collected were used to calculate a Simpson’s Diversity Index for both sites.

  4. Q6(a)(iii)

    June 2025 · Component 2

    3 marks2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary history
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 Component 2, question 6(a)(iii): Use Table 6.2 and the formula below to calculate the Simpson’s Diversity Index for Site 2 [3] ∑n(n − 1) D = 1 − N(N − 1) where N = number of organisms present a

  5. Q6(a)(iv)

    June 2025 · Component 2

    2 marks2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary history
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 Component 2, question 6(a)(iv): Use the answers to (ii) and (iii) to suggest why using species richness alone is not a valid measure of biodiversity in this study. [2]

  6. Q6(b)

    June 2025 · Component 2

    4 marks1.5 Population size and ecosystems2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary history
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 Component 2, question 6(b): To preserve biodiversity the local council decided to use Site 1 However, environmentalists queried the validity of the method used to gain the results. Identif

  7. Q4(e)(i)

    June 2025 · AS Component 1

    2 marks2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary history
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 AS Component 1, question 4(e)(i): Use information from Image 4.4 to explain why Euglena has, at different times, been classified as a plant and as an animal. [2] Plant Animal

  8. Q4(e)(ii)

    June 2025 · AS Component 1

    1 mark2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary history
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 AS Component 1, question 4(e)(ii): Suggest into which Kingdom Euglena may be classified. [1]

  9. Q3(a)(i)

    June 2025 · AS Component 2

    1 mark2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary history
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 AS Component 2, question 3(a)(i): Complete Table 3.1 to show the taxonomy of Homo sapiens.  [1] Table 3.1 Taxon Name Domain Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Primates Family Homin

  10. Q3(a)(ii)

    June 2025 · AS Component 2

    1 mark2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary history
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 AS Component 2, question 3(a)(ii): Use the information above and your understanding of classification to explain the term ‘tentative’ in relation to the classification of Homo floresiensis.  [1]

  11. Q3(b)(i)

    June 2025 · AS Component 2

    1 mark2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary history
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 AS Component 2, question 3(b)(i): Explain why scientists prefer to use the binomial system for naming, rather than common names as shown in Image 3.2  [1]

  12. Q3(b)(ii)

    June 2025 · AS Component 2

    2 marks2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary history
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 AS Component 2, question 3(b)(ii): Use Image 3.2 to describe the evolutionary relationships shown between H. sapiens, H. neanderthalensis and H. floresiensis. Explain your answer.  [2]

  13. Q3(c)(i)

    June 2025 · AS Component 2

    1 mark2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary history
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 AS Component 2, question 3(c)(i): On Image 3.3, draw an arrow labelled A to suggest when a common ancestor of H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens may have lived.  [1]

  14. Q3(c)(ii)

    June 2025 · AS Component 2

    1 mark2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary history
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 AS Component 2, question 3(c)(ii): Explain why the position of Arrow B on Image 3.3 indicates the time when the genus Homo had the highest genetic diversity.  [1]

  15. Q3(c)(iii)

    June 2025 · AS Component 2

    1 mark2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary history
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 AS Component 2, question 3(c)(iii): DNA analysis and fossil evidence show that: • 2% of the DNA of modern non-African H. sapiens comes from H. neanderthalensis; • 5% of the DNA of modern South Pac

  16. Q3(d)

    June 2025 · AS Component 2

    3 marks2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary history
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2025 AS Component 2, question 3(d): H. sapiens and H. floresiensis diverged from their common ancestor approximately 1 860 000 years ago. It has been estimated that H. sapiens and their common anc

  17. Q1(b)(ii)

    June 2024 · Component 1

    1 mark2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary history
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2024 Component 1, question 1(b)(ii): Name the two Domains which contain prokaryotic organisms. [1] In both mitochondria and chloroplasts ATP synthesis requires the movement of protons and electron

  18. Q5(b)(iii)

    June 2024 · Component 1

    4 marks1.5 Population size and ecosystems2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary history
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2024 Component 1, question 5(b)(iii): Outline a method that could be used to estimate and compare the plant biodiversity of the original forest and the avocado plantation. [4]

  19. Q2(c)(ii)

    June 2024 · Component 2

    1 mark2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary history
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2024 Component 2, question 2(c)(ii): Cytochrome c is more useful than haemoglobin for studying how closely related different organisms are. Suggest one reason for this. [1]

  20. Q2(d)(ii)

    June 2024 · Component 2

    3 marks2.1 All organisms are related through their evolutionary historyC.5 Nucleic acids and their functions
    The whole paper ↗
    June 2024 Component 2, question 2(d)(ii): Biologists formed hybrid DNA from a human and a chimpanzee and from a human and an orangutan. Suggest why hybrid human / chimpanzee DNA separated at higher temp
All 119 questions on All organisms are related through their evolutionary history, as a list
  1. June 2025, Component 1, Q2(a)(i) (1 mark): Classification of the different streptococcus bacteria is tentative as all these species appear similar after Gram staining. Explain the meaning of the term ten
  2. June 2025, Component 1, Q2(a)(ii) (2 marks): Explain how one biochemical method of analysis could be used to distinguish between the different species of Streptococcus. [2]
  3. June 2025, Component 2, Q6(a)(ii) (1 mark): State a numerical value for the species richness of: [1] Site 1 = Site 2 = The data collected were used to calculate a Simpson’s Diversity Index for both sites.
  4. June 2025, Component 2, Q6(a)(iii) (3 marks): Use Table 6.2 and the formula below to calculate the Simpson’s Diversity Index for Site 2 [3] ∑n(n − 1) D = 1 − N(N − 1) where N = number of organisms present a
  5. June 2025, Component 2, Q6(a)(iv) (2 marks): Use the answers to (ii) and (iii) to suggest why using species richness alone is not a valid measure of biodiversity in this study. [2]
  6. June 2025, Component 2, Q6(b) (4 marks): To preserve biodiversity the local council decided to use Site 1 However, environmentalists queried the validity of the method used to gain the results. Identif
  7. June 2025, AS Component 1, Q4(e)(i) (2 marks): Use information from Image 4.4 to explain why Euglena has, at different times, been classified as a plant and as an animal. [2] Plant Animal
  8. June 2025, AS Component 1, Q4(e)(ii) (1 mark): Suggest into which Kingdom Euglena may be classified. [1]
  9. June 2025, AS Component 2, Q3(a)(i) (1 mark): Complete Table 3.1 to show the taxonomy of Homo sapiens.  [1] Table 3.1 Taxon Name Domain Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Primates Family Homin
  10. June 2025, AS Component 2, Q3(a)(ii) (1 mark): Use the information above and your understanding of classification to explain the term ‘tentative’ in relation to the classification of Homo floresiensis.  [1]
  11. June 2025, AS Component 2, Q3(b)(i) (1 mark): Explain why scientists prefer to use the binomial system for naming, rather than common names as shown in Image 3.2  [1]
  12. June 2025, AS Component 2, Q3(b)(ii) (2 marks): Use Image 3.2 to describe the evolutionary relationships shown between H. sapiens, H. neanderthalensis and H. floresiensis. Explain your answer.  [2]
  13. June 2025, AS Component 2, Q3(c)(i) (1 mark): On Image 3.3, draw an arrow labelled A to suggest when a common ancestor of H. neanderthalensis and H. sapiens may have lived.  [1]
  14. June 2025, AS Component 2, Q3(c)(ii) (1 mark): Explain why the position of Arrow B on Image 3.3 indicates the time when the genus Homo had the highest genetic diversity.  [1]
  15. June 2025, AS Component 2, Q3(c)(iii) (1 mark): DNA analysis and fossil evidence show that: • 2% of the DNA of modern non-African H. sapiens comes from H. neanderthalensis; • 5% of the DNA of modern South Pac
  16. June 2025, AS Component 2, Q3(d) (3 marks): H. sapiens and H. floresiensis diverged from their common ancestor approximately 1 860 000 years ago. It has been estimated that H. sapiens and their common anc
  17. June 2024, Component 1, Q1(b)(ii) (1 mark): Name the two Domains which contain prokaryotic organisms. [1] In both mitochondria and chloroplasts ATP synthesis requires the movement of protons and electron
  18. June 2024, Component 1, Q5(b)(iii) (4 marks): Outline a method that could be used to estimate and compare the plant biodiversity of the original forest and the avocado plantation. [4]
  19. June 2024, Component 2, Q2(c)(ii) (1 mark): Cytochrome c is more useful than haemoglobin for studying how closely related different organisms are. Suggest one reason for this. [1]
  20. June 2024, Component 2, Q2(d)(ii) (3 marks): Biologists formed hybrid DNA from a human and a chimpanzee and from a human and an orangutan. Suggest why hybrid human / chimpanzee DNA separated at higher temp
  21. June 2024, Component 2, Q4(a) (2 marks): A surface form fish was bred with a cave form fish and offspring were produced. Describe the next steps that would need to be taken to show the two forms were f
  22. June 2024, AS Component 1, Q2(a)(ii) (1 mark): Using your answer to (a)(i), determine the Kingdom to which this cell belongs. [1]
  23. June 2024, AS Component 2, Q1(a)(i) (1 mark): Use information from Image 1.1 and letters A–E to state which species are most closely related and explain your answer. [1]
  24. June 2024, AS Component 2, Q1(a)(ii) (1 mark): Many related species of damselfish live close together within the same reef. Explain why they are classified as separate species. [1] Damselfish diversity on a
  25. June 2024, AS Component 2, Q1(a)(iii) (3 marks): Calculate the diversity index of damselfish in this area of reef using Table 1.2 and Simpson’s Diversity Index equation. [3] D = 1 – ∑n(n–1) N(N–1) Key: N = tot
  26. June 2024, AS Component 2, Q1(a)(iv) (2 marks): Suggest two possible sources of error in this method which may reduce confidence in the diversity value calculated for the whole reef. [2]
  27. June 2024, AS Component 2, Q1(b)(i) (1 mark): The same scuba diver estimated the percentage cover in each quadrat. Give a reason why this was important for the accuracy of the method. [1] The mean percentag
  28. June 2024, AS Component 2, Q1(b)(ii) (1 mark): The mean percentage cover for Seriatopora hystrix was calculated to be 12%. Calculate the total area occupied by S. hystrix within the 250 m2 area of reef sampl
  29. June 2024, AS Component 2, Q1(c)(i) (1 mark): State why data in Graph 1.5 is expressed as a percentage rather than number of fish surviving. [1] The DNA of C. viridis on this reef was found to have high num
  30. June 2024, AS Component 2, Q1(c)(ii) (1 mark): Describe what is meant by the term ‘polymorphic alleles’. [1]
  31. June 2024, AS Component 2, Q1(c)(iii) (3 marks): Some alleles that cause increased growth were present at lower frequencies in populations of C. viridis living within corals with small branch spacing. Use the
  32. June 2023, Component 1, Q6(b)(iv) (3 marks): In this study, 14 roadside verges were sampled. Each site was bordered by arable land where a variety of crops were being grown. Calculation of a diversity inde
  33. June 2023, Component 2, Q1(a)(iii) (1 mark): One type of endonuclease is Cas9 It has not yet been found in any of the Archaea. Using this information, write a letter X on the tree in Image 1.1 to show the
  34. June 2023, Component 2, Q1(b)(ii) (1 mark): Scientists used to classify cyanobacteria in the Kingdom Protoctista. With reference to their cell structure, suggest why they have been reclassified as bacteri
  35. June 2023, Component 2, Q3(a) (2 marks): In the UK, Colchicum autumnale is known as autumn crocus, as well as meadow saffron or naked ladies. In India it is commonly known as ‘gowri gedde’. Use this in
  36. June 2023, AS Component 2, Q1(b)(i) (1 mark): Describe how a comparison of the primary structure of cytochrome c from different species may show evolutionary relationships between them. [1] Image 1.2 shows
  37. June 2023, AS Component 2, Q1(b)(ii) (2 marks): Image 1.2 shows a 3% difference between the primary structures of cytochrome c in humans and Rhesus monkeys. If 0.1% is equivalent to 250 000 years, calculate t
  38. June 2023, AS Component 2, Q1(b)(iii) (1 mark): Place an X on Image 1.2 to show the position of the nearest common ancestor shared by the horse and tuna. [1]
  39. June 2023, AS Component 2, Q1(b)(iv) (1 mark): Yeast is the only organism named in Image 1.2 that has a cell wall made of chitin. Identify the Kingdom to which yeast belongs. [1]
  40. June 2023, AS Component 2, Q1(b)(v) (2 marks): Wings of chickens and moths are known as analogous structures. State what is meant by the term ‘analogous structure’ and name the type of evolution that gives r
  41. June 2023, AS Component 2, Q1(c)(i) (2 marks): in Table 1.5 Table 1.5 Total number of moths Region of England Number marked in 1st Sample 2nd Sample 2nd sample southern 64 75 26 northern 29 25 14 (i) Use th
  42. June 2023, AS Component 2, Q1(c)(ii) (2 marks): During the time period between the 1st and 2nd samples, several events might occur that could lead to an inaccurate estimate of population size. Suggest two of
  43. June 2023, AS Component 2, Q1(c)(iii) (2 marks): The light in the trap was on for four hours each night. State two other variables that should have been controlled when setting the moth traps in each region. [
  44. June 2023, AS Component 2, Q1(c)(iv) (2 marks): Describe and explain one possible effect of an increase in the number of lime hawk moths on biodiversity in the northern region. [2]
  45. June 2022, Component 1, Q5(d) (3 marks): The data collected from areas A and B were used to calculate a Simpson’s biodiversity index. Table 5.3 shows the mean values of the Simpson’s Diversity Index of
  46. June 2022, Component 2, Q1(a)(ii) (2 marks): Complete the table below to show the current classification of this snail. [2] Domain Kingdom Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Order Pulmonata Family Hygromiida
  47. June 2022, AS Component 2, Q2(a) (2 marks): State the name given to the type of diagram shown in Image 2.1 and explain how the diagram shows the relatedness of the cone snails. [2]
  48. June 2022, AS Component 2, Q2(b) (3 marks): Image 2.1 also shows the binomial names and common names of some of the snails. With reference to organism A, explain what is meant by the binomial system and t
  49. June 2022, AS Component 2, Q2(c) (2 marks): Classification of the cone snails is based upon the shell morphology. Explain how DNA analysis could be used to determine the position of organisms in Image 2.1
  50. June 2022, AS Component 2, Q2(d) (1 mark): There are over 10 000 different species of cone snails which indicates there is a high level of biodiversity. State how the genetic diversity within one species
  51. June 2022, AS Component 2, Q2(e) (1 mark): Cone snails B and C from Image 2.1 were kept together in a tank. They interbred and produced offspring which were infertile. Explain why the offspring were infe
  52. Autumn 2021, Component 1, Q7(a)(ii) (4 marks): In addition to sea urchins, sea otters also eat crabs and shellfish. Using your knowledge of predator prey relationships, suggest how the presence of sea otters
  53. Autumn 2021, Component 2, Q1(a) (2 marks): Suggest how protein analysis could enable ecologists to classify the larvae to the individual Species instead of the Family. [2] The larvae shown in image 1.1 a
  54. Autumn 2021, Component 2, Q1(b)(iii) (3 marks): Use table 1.4 and the formula below to calculate a Diversity Index (D) for the streams sampled at 3 000 m. [3] ( ) ∑ n n −1 where N = total number of insect fam
  55. Autumn 2021, Component 2, Q1(b)(iv) (2 marks): The Diversity Index was calculated for the other two altitudes. These are shown below. 350 m D = 0.87 2 100 m D = 0.81 Conclude and explain the effect of water
  56. Autumn 2021, Component 2, Q1(b)(v) (2 marks): Identify one other abiotic factor which is affected by altitude and explain why this may reduce your confidence in your conclusion. [2]
  57. Autumn 2021, Component 2, Q2(a)(i) (2 marks): Name Domain X shown in image 2.1 and describe how all the organisms in this Domain are different from those in the other Domains. [2]
  58. Autumn 2021, Component 2, Q2(a)(ii) (3 marks): Organisms in Domain X are classified into smaller groups of more closely related organisms: Group Y are all phototrophic and Group Z are all heterotrophic. Usin
  59. Autumn 2021, Component 2, Q2(b) (3 marks): The point labelled LUCA on the diagram stands for Last Universal Common Ancestor. Suggest how the role of ATP provides evidence that all organisms have evolved
  60. Autumn 2021, Component 2, Q2(c)(i) (1 mark): State the classification levels (taxa) given in the binomial name of an organism. [1]
  61. Autumn 2021, Component 2, Q2(c)(ii) (2 marks): Explain why the reclassification of Scilla italica as Hyacinthoides italica demonstrates the tentative nature of classification. Suggest why its scientific name
  62. Autumn 2021, AS Component 2, Q2(a) (4 marks): Organisms in the Domain Eukaryota can be divided into Kingdoms based on common features. Complete table 2.2. [4] Table 2.2 Kingdom Feature • Cellulose cell wall
  63. Autumn 2021, AS Component 2, Q2(b)(i) (1 mark): Define the term biodiversity. [1]
  64. Autumn 2021, AS Component 2, Q2(b)(ii) (3 marks): Describe the process through which this biodiversity has been generated. [3]
  65. Autumn 2021, AS Component 2, Q2(c) (2 marks): Scientists compared the biodiversity levels in two different ecosystems, the tropical rainforests and the arctic tundra. The location of these ecosystems are sh
  66. Autumn 2020, Component 2, Q6(b)(v) (3 marks): It is known that A. forenzis is a hybrid of A. fontanum and one of the other two species shown on the gel electrophoresis in image 6.2. Use the information give
  67. Autumn 2020, AS Component 2, Q4(b)(i) (1 mark): The binomial naming system uses the genus and species name for the giant panda. State the main reason for using this system of naming organisms. [1]
  68. Autumn 2020, AS Component 2, Q4(d)(i) (1 mark): Using image 4.4, state how many million years ago the last common ancestor existed between the giant panda and a human. [1]
  69. Autumn 2020, AS Component 2, Q4(d)(ii) (4 marks): State the information that the analysis of the haemoglobin would provide, and how this could have been used to construct the phylogenetic tree shown in image 4.
  70. Autumn 2020, AS Component 2, Q4(e) (2 marks): State what is meant by a ‘high level of genetic polymorphism’. [2]
  71. June 2019, Component 2, Q1(a)(i) (3 marks): Explain how the three arrows indicating mode of nutrition on Figure 1.1 illustrate the evolution of the three higher Kingdoms from the Protoctista. [3]
  72. June 2019, Component 2, Q1(a)(ii) (1 mark): Identify which of the Kingdoms is described in the following extract taken from the 1969 paper. “Primarily multinucleate organisms with eukaryotic nuclei disper
  73. June 2019, Component 2, Q1(b)(i) (1 mark): State the term that is used for the three primary groups in this system. [1]
  74. June 2019, Component 2, Q1(b)(ii) (1 mark): Name a biochemical technique that can be used to investigate evolutionary relationships between organisms. [1]
  75. June 2019, Component 2, Q1(b)(iii) (1 mark): Write a letter X on the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1.2 to show the most recent common ancestor of the Eukarya. [1]
  76. June 2019, Component 2, Q1(c)(i) (1 mark): Complete Figure 1.3 by writing in the names of the missing taxa X, Y, Z. [1]
  77. June 2019, Component 2, Q1(c)(ii) (1 mark): Using information from the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1.3, place dragonfly, midge larva, bloodworm and water louse in order of how closely related they are to
  78. June 2019, Component 2, Q3(b) (3 marks): The meadow had a Simpson’s Diversity Index of 0.58. The results for the playing field are shown below. Calculate the Simpson’s Diversity Index for this site. [3
  79. June 2019, Component 2, Q3(c) (2 marks): State a conclusion about the effect of mowing on the biodiversity of grassland. [2] Figure 3.1 shows the morphology of common meadow species: ryegrass, dandelio
  80. June 2019, Component 2, Q3(d) (4 marks): Using information from Figure 3.1 give an explanation that could account for your conclusion in part (c). [4]
  81. June 2019, Component 2, Q4(a) (1 mark): Explain why they are classified as sub-species and not as separate species. [1] One sub-species is polymorphic. The undersides of the three forms of the sub-spe
  82. June 2019, AS Component 1, Q5(a) (2 marks): Name the domain to which F. vesiculosus belongs and list the other Kingdoms of organisms found in this domain. [2] Domain Other Kingdoms in this domain
  83. June 2019, AS Component 2, Q2(e) (2 marks): A scientist extracted samples of DNA from the algae in lichen from two different locations with similar environmental conditions. Describe how the DNA samples c
  84. June 2019, AS Component 2, Q4(a)(i) (1 mark): Define the term biodiversity. [1]
  85. June 2019, AS Component 2, Q4(a)(ii) (4 marks): Describe a suitable method which could be used to collect the data needed to estimate plant biodiversity in this investigation. [4]
  86. June 2019, AS Component 2, Q4(a)(iii) (2 marks): Explain the importance of taking a large number of random samples. [2]
  87. June 2019, AS Component 2, Q4(a)(iv) (2 marks): Suggest a suitable control for this investigation. [2] The table below shows the results of the investigation. Number of individuals Species Immediately after F
  88. June 2019, AS Component 2, Q4(b)(i) (3 marks): Use the formula given below to calculate the Diversity index for the experimental site after grazing was excluded for 5 years. Give your answer to 2 decimal pla
  89. June 2019, AS Component 2, Q4(b)(ii) (1 mark): State the conclusion you can make about the effect of excluding grazing on the biodiversity of the site. [1]
  90. June 2019, AS Component 2, Q4(c) (3 marks): After grazing had been excluded for 5 years the percentage ground cover by Erica cinerea had increased from 33 % to 67 %. Use this information and the informati
  91. June 2018, Component 2, Q3(c)(i) (1 mark): Mark with an X, the position on the diagram where wheat and field mustard share a common ancestor. [1]
  92. June 2018, Component 2, Q3(c)(ii) (2 marks): In modern plant classification systems hierarchical groups like Divisions and Classes have been replaced with unranked clades, but orders and families have been
  93. June 2018, Component 2, Q3(d)(i) (1 mark): Explain why determining the amino acid sequence of proteins from different organisms can be used to show evolutionary relationships. [1]
  94. June 2018, Component 2, Q3(d)(ii) (1 mark): Count the differences between the amino acid sequences from sources 2 and 3 Enter your answer in the table below. [1] Between sources No. of differences 1 and 2
  95. June 2018, Component 2, Q3(d)(iii) (2 marks): Use the table above and diagram 1 on page 12 to conclude which source came from which species. [2] Species Source Maize (Zea mays) Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Bar
  96. June 2018, Component 2, Q5(e)(i) (1 mark): Using the information, what is the evidence that the northern elephant seal is closely related to the southern elephant seal? [1]
  97. June 2018, AS Component 1, Q5(a) (2 marks): With reference to the diagram, explain why this organism has, at different times, been classified as an animal and a plant. [2]
  98. June 2018, AS Component 2, Q2(a) (2 marks): Use the table to identify which of the species is most closely related to the red panda. Explain your answer. [2]
  99. June 2018, AS Component 2, Q2(b) (3 marks): In the study, mitochondrial DNA base pairs were analysed. The following number of differences were found between giant panda DNA and that of the other species a
  100. June 2018, AS Component 2, Q2(c) (3 marks): There has been some debate as to whether the pseudo-thumb in red pandas and giant pandas are examples of analogous or homologous structures. Distinguish between
  101. June 2018, AS Component 2, Q2(d) (2 marks): In 1977, Carl Woese proposed the three domain system based on analysis of differences in the nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA genes. Identify the domain to whic
  102. June 2017, Component 2, Q7 (9 marks): The deep regions of the oceans (1000 – 4000 m) are nutrient-poor habitats. In order to survive, the fish that live there have evolved remarkable morphological a
  103. June 2017, AS Component 1, Q2(a)(i) (3 marks): Complete the table below. [3] Human Yeast Domain Kingdom Cellular basis for classification into different kingdoms
  104. June 2017, AS Component 2, Q5(a) (2 marks): When using this method to catch phytoplankton, the mesh size (size of the holes in the net) for the net has to be chosen carefully. Photomicrographs of three of
  105. June 2017, AS Component 2, Q5(b)(i) (3 marks): Use the data to state which site has the greatest biodiversity. Explain your
  106. June 2017, AS Component 2, Q5(b)(ii) (1 mark): Name a statistical test which could be used to compare the biodiversity of the two sites. [1]
  107. June 2017, AS Component 2, Q5(b)(iii) (3 marks): The two sites sampled showed significant variation in the distribution of phytoplankton. Suggest improvements to the sampling method in order to further investi
  108. June 2017, AS Component 2, Q5(b)(iv) (2 marks): The data collected from phytoplankton monitoring are used to provide early warnings to the shellfish industry to try to minimise the risk of food poisoning. Phy
  109. June 2016, AS Component 2, Q2(a) (3 marks): Use the photographs to determine which two animals would be classified in the same Order. Explain the evidence you used to make your choice. [3]
  110. June 2016, AS Component 2, Q2(b)(i) (1 mark): Using information from the table and the sonogram, identify the bat species in the recording. [1]
  111. June 2016, AS Component 2, Q2(b)(ii) (2 marks): Assuming each mark (small curve) on the sonogram is a single sound pulse, calculate the number of pulses per second from the sonogram. Show your working. [2] Nu
  112. June 2016, AS Component 2, Q2(d)(i) (3 marks): Use information from the table above to complete the phylogenetic tree below. [3] Pipistrellus pipistrellus Mustela putorius
  113. June 2016, AS Component 2, Q2(d)(ii) (1 mark): Suggest the value for Mustela putorius and write your answer in the table above. [1]
  114. June 2016, AS Component 2, Q2(d)(iii) (1 mark): Mark with an X the position on the phylogenetic tree where Pipistrellus pipistrellus and Mustela putorius most recently shared a common ancestor. [1]
  115. June 2016, AS Component 2, Q4(a)(i) (3 marks): With reference to these results suggest the number of quadrats the group should use in their actual investigation, giving reasons for your choice of sample size
  116. June 2016, AS Component 2, Q4(a)(ii) (2 marks): Describe a method the group could use to randomise the positions of the quadrats. [2]
  117. June 2016, AS Component 2, Q4(b)(i) (3 marks): Using the table and the formula, calculate Simpson’s Diversity Index, to two decimal places, for the coppiced area. [3] Species n (n – 1) n(n – 1) Bramble 2 Yel
  118. June 2016, AS Component 2, Q4(b)(ii) (1 mark): Using the Diversity Index values for un-coppiced and coppiced areas, draw a conclusion about the general effect of coppicing. [1]
  119. June 2016, AS Component 2, Q4(c) (3 marks): Different plants are affected differently by coppicing. Describe the effect coppicing has had on Dog’s Mercury and suggest an explanation for how coppicing migh

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