Cell structure: AQA GCSE Biology questions

Every AQA GCSE Biology exam question on 4.1.1 Cell structure, 2018–2025, with its mark scheme and examiner’s report.

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Q05.2
June 2025 · Paper 1 Higher
5 marks4.1.1 Cell structure
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Q08.1
June 2025 · Paper 1 Higher
1 mark4.1.1 Cell structure
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Q08.2
June 2025 · Paper 1 Higher
2 marks4.1.1 Cell structure
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Q08.3
June 2025 · Paper 1 Higher
4 marks4.1.1 Cell structure
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Q08.4
June 2025 · Paper 1 Higher
2 marks4.1.1 Cell structure 4.2.2 Animal tissues, organs and organ systems
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Q01.1
June 2025 · Paper 1 Foundation
1 mark4.1.1 Cell structure
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Q01.2
June 2025 · Paper 1 Foundation
1 mark4.1.1 Cell structure 4.1.2 Cell division
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Q01.3
June 2025 · Paper 1 Foundation
1 mark4.1.1 Cell structure
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Q01.5
June 2025 · Paper 1 Foundation
1 mark4.1.1 Cell structure
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Q01.6
June 2025 · Paper 1 Foundation
2 marks4.1.1 Cell structure 4.2.3 Plant tissues, organs and systems
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Q01.7
June 2025 · Paper 1 Foundation
2 marks4.1.3 Transport in cells 4.1.1 Cell structure
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Q03.2
June 2025 · Paper 1 Foundation
4 marks4.1.1 Cell structure
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Q04.1
June 2025 · Paper 1 Foundation
6 marks4.1.1 Cell structure
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Q04.2
June 2025 · Paper 1 Foundation
1 mark4.1.1 Cell structure
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Q04.3
June 2025 · Paper 1 Foundation
1 mark4.1.1 Cell structure
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Q04.4
June 2025 · Paper 1 Foundation
2 marks4.1.1 Cell structure
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Q04.5
June 2025 · Paper 1 Foundation
1 mark4.1.1 Cell structure 4.3.1 Communicable diseases
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Q03.5
June 2025 · Paper 2 Foundation
1 mark4.1.1 Cell structure 4.1.2 Cell division
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Q02.1
June 2024 · Paper 1 Higher
1 mark4.1.1 Cell structure 4.1.2 Cell division
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Q04.2
June 2024 · Paper 1 Higher
1 mark4.1.1 Cell structure 4.2.3 Plant tissues, organs and systems
The whole paper ↗

All 126 questions on Cell structure, as a list

June 2025, Paper 1 Higher, Q05.2 (5 marks): Figure 5 shows a red blood cell. Figure 5 The image of the red blood cell in Figure 5 is magnified 7200 times. Calculate the real diameter of the red blood cell
June 2025, Paper 1 Higher, Q08.1 (1 mark): Which statement about bacterial cells and yeast cells is correct? [1 mark] Tick () one box. Bacterial cells and yeast cells are eukaryotic. Bacterial cells and
June 2025, Paper 1 Higher, Q08.2 (2 marks): Give two features of a yeast cell that are not found in a bacterial cell. Use Figure 10. [2 marks] 1 2
June 2025, Paper 1 Higher, Q08.3 (4 marks): Compare the effectiveness of the antibiotics shown in Figure 11. [4 marks]
June 2025, Paper 1 Higher, Q08.4 (2 marks): It was not possible for the scientist to count the total number of bacteria per cm3 of culture medium. The cells were too close together to be counted accuratel
June 2025, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.1 (1 mark): Figure 1 shows an animal cell seen through a microscope. Figure 1 What is part X in Figure 1? [1 mark] Tick () one box. Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Vacuole
June 2025, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.2 (1 mark): Name one structure found in the nucleus. [1 mark]
June 2025, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.3 (1 mark): Name one cell part that is found in a plant cell but is not found in an animal cell. [1 mark]
June 2025, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.5 (1 mark): A sperm cell is a specialised cell. What is the function of a sperm cell? [1 mark]
June 2025, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.6 (2 marks): Draw one line from each specialised cell to the type of organism where the specialised cell is found. [2 marks]
June 2025, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.7 (2 marks): The cell membrane controls which substances move into and out of cells. Which two processes move substances into and out of cells? [2 marks] Tick () two boxes.
June 2025, Paper 1 Foundation, Q03.2 (4 marks): Figure 3 shows a white blood cell. Figure 3 The image of the white blood cell in Figure 3 is magnified 4000 times. Calculate the real width of the white blood c
June 2025, Paper 1 Foundation, Q04.1 (6 marks): Describe a method the student could use to: • prepare a sterile agar gel plate • grow an uncontaminated sample of bacteria on the agar gel plate. Use the equipm
June 2025, Paper 1 Foundation, Q04.2 (1 mark): The student incubated the agar gel plate at 25 °C. Why should the temperature not be higher than 25 °C? [1 mark]
June 2025, Paper 1 Foundation, Q04.3 (1 mark): What was the purpose of the paper disc soaked in water? [1 mark] Tick () one box. To check the bacteria were uncontaminated. To make the investigation more acc
June 2025, Paper 1 Foundation, Q04.4 (2 marks): The student removed the agar gel plate from the incubator after 48 hours. Antibiotic A was the most effective at killing the bacteria. Antibiotic C was the leas
June 2025, Paper 1 Foundation, Q04.5 (1 mark): The student repeated the investigation with antibiotic D. The bacteria were resistant to antibiotic D. What effect would antibiotic D have had on the bacteria?
June 2025, Paper 2 Foundation, Q03.5 (1 mark): Which process produces new cells in runners? [1 mark] Tick () one box. Binary fission Evolution Mitosis
June 2024, Paper 1 Higher, Q02.1 (1 mark): Where in a cell would the CF gene be found? [1 mark]
June 2024, Paper 1 Higher, Q04.2 (1 mark): Xylem tissue transports water through a plant. The walls of xylem cells contain cellulose. Name one other substance that strengthens xylem tissue. [1 mark]
June 2024, Paper 1 Higher, Q04.4 (1 mark): Name part Y in Figure 3. [1 mark]
June 2024, Paper 1 Higher, Q04.5 (5 marks): The phloem tissue transports sugars to other parts of the plant. The concentration of dissolved sugars in the phloem cell in Figure 3 is higher than in cell X.
June 2024, Paper 1 Higher, Q04.6 (1 mark): New phloem cells form when unspecialised plant cells differentiate and become specialised. Describe one change in structure that occurs when an unspecialised ce
June 2024, Paper 1 Higher, Q06.2 (2 marks): A student said: ‘The bacterium is resistant to antibiotic C.’ Explain how the results in Figure 5 show that the student is not correct. [2 marks]
June 2024, Paper 1 Higher, Q08.2 (1 mark): Name structure Z in Figure 8. [1 mark]
June 2024, Paper 1 Higher, Q08.3 (6 marks): Structure Y in Figure 8 is a cylinder. For structure Y: • real volume = 24 500 000 nm3 • real radius = 125 nm. The length of a cylinder is calculated using the
June 2024, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.4 (1 mark): Which substance strengthens xylem tissue? [1 mark] Tick () one box. Glucose Lignin Starch Figure 1 is repeated below. Figure 1
June 2024, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.7 (1 mark): Part A in Figure 2 contains cell sap. Name part A in Figure 2. [1 mark]
June 2024, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.9 (1 mark): Which cell structures are needed to provide energy to move sugars? [1 mark] Tick () one box. Chloroplasts Chromosomes Mitochondria
June 2024, Paper 1 Foundation, Q05.6 (1 mark): Name structure Z in Figure 5. [1 mark]
June 2024, Paper 1 Foundation, Q05.7 (3 marks): The image of the cell in Figure 5: • is magnified 800 times • has a width of 50 mm. Calculate the real width of the cell in Figure 5. Give your answer in microm
June 2024, Paper 1 Foundation, Q08.1 (1 mark): Where in a cell would the CF gene be found? [1 mark]
June 2023, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.2 (1 mark): Tissue in the tip of a plant root contains stem cells. Stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell. Name the type of tissue in plants that contains stem
June 2023, Paper 1 Higher, Q03.3 (2 marks): Describe two aseptic techniques the scientists should have used in the investigation. [2 marks] 1 2
June 2023, Paper 1 Higher, Q03.4 (3 marks): The scientists incubated the bacteria at 37 °C. Students in school laboratories incubate bacteria at 25 °C. Explain why scientists use 37 °C but students must u
June 2023, Paper 1 Higher, Q03.5 (1 mark): What is the purpose of the paper disc with no antibiotic in Figure 4? [1 mark]
June 2023, Paper 1 Higher, Q03.6 (1 mark): The scientists concluded that either antibiotic A or antibiotic B should be prescribed to patients with food poisoning. Why should antibiotic A or antibiotic B
June 2023, Paper 1 Higher, Q03.7 (1 mark): The scientists wanted to be more certain about which antibiotic should be prescribed. Describe how the results in Figure 4 could be used to obtain a quantitativ
June 2023, Paper 1 Higher, Q05.2 (3 marks): Figure 7 shows the malarial protist. Figure 7 The malarial protist is a eukaryotic cell. Describe three ways the structure of the malarial protist is different
June 2023, Paper 1 Foundation, Q04.2 (2 marks): The malarial protist is a eukaryotic cell. Figure 2 shows a malarial protist. Figure 2 Give two features of the malarial protist that show the cell is eukaryoti
June 2023, Paper 1 Foundation, Q04.3 (1 mark): Which organism is prokaryotic? [1 mark] Tick () one box. Cow Grass Salmonella
June 2023, Paper 1 Foundation, Q06.2 (1 mark): Tissue in the tip of a plant root contains stem cells. Stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell. Name the type of tissue in plants that contains stem
June 2023, Paper 2 Foundation, Q04.5 (1 mark): This species of bacterium is resistant to some of the antibiotics. Give the letter of one antibiotic the bacterium is resistant to. [1 mark]
June 2023, Paper 2 Foundation, Q05.6 (1 mark): Give one reason why the rate of digestion was faster at 30 °C than at 5 °C. [1 mark]
June 2022, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.1 (3 marks): Complete Table 1. [3 marks] Table 1 Name of cell part Function of cell part Contains genetic information Mitochondria Controls the movement of substances into a
June 2022, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.2 (1 mark): What is the function of chloroplasts? [1 mark]
June 2022, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.3 (1 mark): Name one type of cell in a potato plant that does not contain chloroplasts. [1 mark]
June 2022, Paper 1 Higher, Q02.1 (1 mark): Name one structure in Figure 2 which is present in both plant cells and fungal cells but not in animal cells. [1 mark]
June 2022, Paper 1 Higher, Q02.3 (2 marks): A fungal cell divides once every 90 minutes. How many times would this fungal cell divide in 24 hours? [2 marks] Number of times cell divides in 24 hours =
June 2022, Paper 1 Higher, Q03.1 (2 marks): Table 4 shows a risk assessment for this experiment. Complete Table 4. [2 marks] Table 4 Hazard Risk Plan to minimise risk Iodine solution is an irritant May ca
June 2022, Paper 1 Higher, Q03.2 (3 marks): Give a reason for each of the following steps in the method. [3 marks] A thin layer of onion epidermis is used. Iodine solution is added to the onion epidermis.
June 2022, Paper 1 Higher, Q03.3 (5 marks): The length of cell Z in Figure 3 is 4.8 cm. Calculate the real length of cell Z. Give your answer in micrometres (µm). [5 marks] Real length of cell Z = µm
June 2022, Paper 1 Higher, Q03.4 (2 marks): Give two ways the student could improve the drawing in Figure 4. [2 marks] 1 2
June 2022, Paper 1 Higher, Q03.5 (2 marks): Onion cells can be seen using an electron microscope. Give two ways onion cells would look different when seen using an electron microscope. [2 marks] 1 2
June 2022, Paper 1 Higher, Q04.5 (1 mark): The cells which are first formed from the fertilised eggs of the hornet moth are stem cells. Name the process by which these stem cells then form specialised ce
June 2022, Paper 1 Foundation, Q04.1 (3 marks): Draw one line from each part of the microscope to the function of the part. [3 marks] Part of the microscope Function A B C To adjust the focus of the microscop
June 2022, Paper 1 Foundation, Q04.2 (1 mark): Why was iodine solution added to the layer of onion cells? [1 mark] Tick () one box. To dry the cells To separate the cells To stain the cells
June 2022, Paper 1 Foundation, Q04.3 (1 mark): Why was a thin layer of onion cells used? [1 mark] Tick () one box. To allow light to pass through the cells To allow oxygen to pass through the cells To allow
June 2022, Paper 1 Foundation, Q04.4 (2 marks): The student was worried about using a sharp knife to cut the onion. The student wrote a risk assessment for using a knife. Draw one line from each part of the r
June 2022, Paper 1 Foundation, Q04.5 (4 marks): Line A–B in Figure 4 shows the length of cell Z. Calculate the real length of cell Z. Complete the following steps. [4 marks]
June 2022, Paper 1 Foundation, Q04.6 (2 marks): How would onion cells look different if they were seen using an electron microscope? [2 marks] Tick () two boxes. The cells would be coloured. The cells would
June 2022, Paper 1 Foundation, Q04.7 (2 marks): Figure 4 is repeated below. Figure 4 Figure 5 shows the student’s drawing of Figure 4. Figure 5 What two improvements could the student make to the drawing in F
June 2022, Paper 1 Foundation, Q05.2 (3 marks): Water and dissolved substances are transported through a plant. Complete the sentences. Choose answers from the box. [3 marks] epidermis guard cells palisade ce
June 2022, Paper 1 Foundation, Q07.1 (3 marks): Complete Table 5. [3 marks] Table 5 Name of cell part Function of cell part Contains genetic information Mitochondria Controls the movement of substances into a
June 2022, Paper 1 Foundation, Q07.2 (1 mark): What is the function of chloroplasts? [1 mark]
June 2022, Paper 1 Foundation, Q07.3 (1 mark): Name one type of cell in a potato plant that does not contain chloroplasts. [1 mark]
June 2022, Paper 1 Foundation, Q08.1 (1 mark): Name one structure in Figure 10 which is present in both plant cells and fungal cells but not in animal cells. [1 mark]
June 2022, Paper 1 Foundation, Q08.3 (2 marks): A fungal cell divides once every 90 minutes. How many times would this fungal cell divide in 24 hours? [2 marks] Number of times cell divides in 24 hours =
June 2022, Paper 2 Higher, Q06.3 (2 marks): Give two uses of water in plants. [2 marks] 1 2
November 2021, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.1 (2 marks): Name two pieces of laboratory equipment the student could have used to prepare cells to view using a microscope. [2 marks] 1 2
November 2021, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.2 (1 mark): Name part A. [1 mark]
November 2021, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.3 (1 mark): What is the function of part B? [1 mark]
November 2021, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.4 (1 mark): The student tried to look at the cells using the microscope. Suggest one reason why the student could not see any cells when looking through part A. [1 mark]
November 2021, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.5 (6 marks): Red blood cells are specialised animal cells. Compare the structure of a red blood cell with the structure of a plant cell. [6 marks]
November 2021, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.6 (2 marks): When placed into a beaker of water: • a red blood cell bursts • a plant cell does not burst. Explain why the red blood cell bursts but the plant cell does not b
November 2021, Paper 1 Higher, Q02.1 (2 marks): Describe two aseptic techniques the student should have used. [2 marks] 1 2
November 2021, Paper 1 Higher, Q02.2 (1 mark): Which antibiotic is the least effective? Give a reason for your answer. [1 mark] Least effective antibiotic Reason
November 2021, Paper 1 Higher, Q02.3 (5 marks): Calculate the area where no bacteria were growing for antibiotic C. Use 𝜋𝜋= 3.14 Give the unit. [5 marks] Area = Unit
November 2021, Paper 1 Higher, Q02.4 (1 mark): Suggest one way the student could improve the investigation. [1 mark]
November 2021, Paper 1 Higher, Q04.2 (1 mark): Name the sub-cellular structures where aerobic respiration takes place. [1 mark]
November 2021, Paper 1 Higher, Q06.2 (1 mark): Which cell structure in a leaf mesophyll cell is not found in a root hair cell? [1 mark]
November 2021, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.3 (1 mark): Name the type of specialised cell in Figure 1. [1 mark]
November 2021, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.4 (1 mark): Describe how the cell in Figure 1 is adapted to increase the absorption of substances from the soil. [1 mark]
November 2021, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.5 (2 marks): Draw one line from each feature to how the feature helps the sperm cell carry out its function. [2 marks] Feature of sperm cell How the feature helps Contains a
November 2021, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.6 (2 marks): Name the type of cell in Figure 3. Describe one feature of the cell that helps it to carry out its function. [2 marks] Name of the cell Feature of the cell
November 2021, Paper 1 Foundation, Q02.3 (1 mark): Suggest one reason why viruses are not classed as cells. [1 mark]
November 2021, Paper 1 Foundation, Q03.4 (1 mark): What causes the green colour in the stem? [1 mark]
November 2021, Paper 1 Foundation, Q03.8 (1 mark): Name the tissue that transports dissolved sugars through the stem of the cactus. [1 mark]
November 2021, Paper 1 Foundation, Q07.1 (2 marks): Name two pieces of laboratory equipment the student could have used to prepare cells to view using a microscope. [2 marks] 1 2
November 2021, Paper 1 Foundation, Q07.2 (1 mark): Name part A. [1 mark]
November 2021, Paper 1 Foundation, Q07.3 (1 mark): What is the function of part B? [1 mark]
November 2021, Paper 1 Foundation, Q07.4 (1 mark): The student tried to look at the cells using the microscope. Suggest one reason why the student could not see any cells when looking through part A. [1 mark]
November 2021, Paper 1 Foundation, Q07.5 (6 marks): Red blood cells are specialised animal cells. Compare the structure of a red blood cell with the structure of a plant cell. [6 marks]
November 2021, Paper 1 Foundation, Q07.6 (2 marks): When placed into a beaker of water: • a red blood cell bursts • a plant cell does not burst. Explain why the red blood cell bursts but the plant cell does not b
November 2021, Paper 1 Foundation, Q08.1 (2 marks): Describe two aseptic techniques the student should have used. [2 marks] 1 2
November 2021, Paper 1 Foundation, Q08.2 (1 mark): Which antibiotic is the least effective? Give a reason for your answer. [1 mark] Least effective antibiotic Reason
November 2021, Paper 1 Foundation, Q08.3 (5 marks): Calculate the area where no bacteria were growing for antibiotic C. Use 𝜋𝜋= 3.14 Give the unit. [5 marks] Area = Unit
November 2021, Paper 1 Foundation, Q08.4 (1 mark): Suggest one way the student could improve the investigation. [1 mark]
November 2020, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.2 (2 marks): Describe how energy for the photosynthesis reaction is gained by plants. [2 marks] Students investigated the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis
November 2020, Paper 1 Higher, Q02.5 (3 marks): Nitrate ions need a different method of transport into the root hair cell. Explain how the nitrate ions in Figure 4 are transported into the root hair cell. Use
November 2020, Paper 1 Higher, Q03.1 (2 marks): Give two similarities between the prokaryotic cell and the eukaryotic cells in Figure 5. [2 marks] 1 2
November 2020, Paper 1 Higher, Q03.2 (3 marks): Give three differences between the prokaryotic cell and the eukaryotic cells in Figure 5. [3 marks] 1 2 3
November 2020, Paper 1 Higher, Q03.3 (2 marks): Calculate the ratio of the size of the bacterial cell to the size of the mesophyll cell. [2 marks] Ratio = 1 :
November 2020, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.1 (1 mark): Figure 1 shows a cell. Figure 1 What type of cell is shown in Figure 1? [1 mark] Tick () one box. Animal Bacterium Plant
November 2020, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.2 (1 mark): What is the function of the cell wall? [1 mark] Tick () one box. To contain the genetic material To stop the chloroplasts leaking out To strengthen the cell
November 2020, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.3 (1 mark): The algal cell is green. Which part of the algal cell makes it green in colour? [1 mark] Tick () one box. Cellulose Chloroplast Cytoplasm Nucleus
November 2020, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.4 (3 marks): Cells contain sub-cellular structures. Draw one line from each structure to its function. [3 marks] Structure Function Cell membrane Mitochondria Ribosomes Cont
November 2020, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.5 (1 mark): What should the student do to get a clear image? [1 mark] Tick () one box. Adjust the focus knob Make the light dimmer Put water on the slide
November 2020, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.6 (2 marks): Measure the length of the nucleus (A) and the length of the cell (B) in millimetres (mm). [2 marks] A = mm B = mm
November 2020, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.7 (1 mark): How many times longer is the cell (B) than the nucleus (A)? [1 mark] Number of times longer =
November 2020, Paper 1 Foundation, Q01.8 (2 marks): The student looked at another cell. The image width of the cell was 40 mm The real width of the cell was 0.1 mm Calculate the magnification of the cell. [2 mark
November 2020, Paper 1 Foundation, Q06.4 (2 marks): A red blood cell: • has no nucleus • contains a red pigment called haemoglobin. Suggest how these adaptations help the red blood cell carry out its function. [2
November 2020, Paper 1 Foundation, Q07.2 (2 marks): Describe how energy for the photosynthesis reaction is gained by plants. [2 marks] Students investigated the effect of temperature on the rate of photosynthesis
November 2020, Paper 1 Foundation, Q08.5 (3 marks): Nitrate ions need a different method of transport into the root hair cell. Explain how the nitrate ions in Figure 13 are transported into the root hair cell. Us
June 2018, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.6 (1 mark): Which cleaning liquid is the more effective? Give a reason for your answer. [1 mark] Cleaning Liquid Reason
June 2018, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.7 (1 mark): What measurement would the scientist need to take to calculate the area where no bacteria were growing? [1 mark]
June 2018, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.8 (1 mark): Give one change to the investigation that would allow the scientist to check if the results are repeatable. [1 mark]
June 2018, Paper 1 Higher, Q01.9 (1 mark): The scientist showed the results to the restaurant owner. Both cleaning liquids cost the same per dm3. Suggest one other factor the restaurant owner should cons
Specimen, Paper 1 Higher, Q09.5: What type of cell division causes the change in number of E. coli cells at P? [1 ma 3
Specimen, Paper 1 Higher, Q09.6 (2 marks): Suggest why the number of cells levels out at Q. [2 marks 3
Specimen, Paper 1 Higher, Q10: Explain how the human circulatory system is adapted to: • supply oxygen to the tissues • remove waste products from tissues. [6 mar 33 3
Specimen, Paper 1 Foundation, Q03.1 (2 marks): Label the nucleus and cell membrane on Figure 5. [2 mark
Specimen, Paper 1 Foundation, Q03.3: Ribosomes and mitochondria are not shown in Figure 5. What type of microscope is needed to see ribosomes and mitochondria? [1 ma 3
Specimen, Paper 1 Foundation, Q03.4 (1 mark): What is the advantage of using the type of microscope you named in part 03.3? [1 mark Tick one box. Cheaper Higher magnification Lower resolution
Specimen, Paper 1 Foundation, Q03.5 (3 marks): The cheek cell in Figure 6 is magnified 250 times. The width of the cell is shown by the line D to E. Figure 6 Calculate the width of the cheek cell in micromet
Specimen, Paper 1 Foundation, Q03.6: A red blood cell is 8 µm in diameter. A bacterial cell is 40 times smaller. Calculate the diameter of the bacterial cell. [1 ma Tick one box. 0.02 µm 0.2 µm 2.0

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