Improving processes and products: OCR GCSE Chemistry A questions

Every OCR GCSE Chemistry A exam question on C6.1 Improving processes and products, 2018–2025, with its mark scheme and examiner’s report.

All 128 questions on Improving processes and products, as a list

June 2025, Paper 2 Foundation, Q15 (1 mark): An iron nail is left in a test tube containing water. Iron nail Water The iron nail rusts. Which graph shows how the mass of the iron nail changes? A Mass 0 0 T
June 2025, Paper 2 Foundation, Q16(a) (1 mark): Brass is an example of an alloy. Complete the sentence about brass. Use a word from the list. iron magnesium zinc Brass is an alloy of copper and . [1]
June 2025, Paper 2 Foundation, Q16(b)(i) (1 mark): Complete the bar chart by drawing the bar for copper. 45.0 40.0 35.0 30.0 25.0 Percentage (%) 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 Gold Silver Copper Metal [1]
June 2025, Paper 2 Foundation, Q16(b)(ii) (2 marks): The ring has a mass of 5.0 g. Calculate the mass of gold in the ring. Use Table 16.1. Mass of gold = g [2]
June 2025, Paper 2 Foundation, Q16(c) (3 marks): Magnalium is an alloy of aluminium and magnesium. Table 16.2 shows some information about aluminium, magnesium and magnalium. Table 16.2 Resistance to Density (
June 2025, Paper 2 Foundation, Q16(d)(i) (1 mark): Explain how the layer of zinc acts as a barrier to protect the iron from corrosion. [1]
June 2025, Paper 2 Foundation, Q16(d)(ii) (1 mark): Explain how the iron is protected from corrosion even if the layer of zinc is damaged. [1]
June 2025, Paper 2 Foundation, Q17(a) (2 marks): Draw two lines to connect each metal with the correct method used to extract the metal. Use the reactivity series. Metal Method used to extract the metal extrac
June 2025, Paper 2 Foundation, Q18(a) (1 mark): The life-cycle assessment is broken down into different stages. The first stage is looking at obtaining the raw materials. State one other stage in a life-cycle
June 2025, Paper 2 Foundation, Q18(b) (3 marks): A company does a life-cycle assessment to investigate two possible materials for making a single-use takeaway food container. Table 18.1 gives some of the infor
June 2025, Paper 2 Foundation, Q23(c)(i) (1 mark): Which fertiliser is best at preventing yellow leaves and poor fruit growth? Tick (✓) one box. A B C D [1]
June 2025, Paper 2 Foundation, Q23(c)(ii) (2 marks): A farmer buys a 25 kg bag of fertiliser C. Calculate the mass of potassium in the bag of fertiliser. Mass of potassium = kg [2]
June 2025, Paper 2 Foundation, Q23(c)(iii) (1 mark): Fertilisers are made in industry using a continuous process. Fertilisers can be made in a school laboratory using a batch process. State one advantage of using
June 2025, Paper 4 Higher, Q2 (1 mark): An iron nail is left in a test tube containing water. Iron nail Water The iron nail rusts. Which graph shows how the mass of the iron nail changes? A Mass 0 0 T
June 2025, Paper 4 Higher, Q17(c)(i) (1 mark): Which fertiliser is best at preventing yellow leaves and poor fruit growth? Tick (✓) one box. A B C D [1]
June 2025, Paper 4 Higher, Q17(c)(ii) (2 marks): A farmer buys a 25 kg bag of fertiliser C. Calculate the mass of potassium in the bag of fertiliser. Mass of potassium = kg [2]
June 2025, Paper 4 Higher, Q17(c)(iii) (1 mark): Fertilisers are made in industry using a continuous process. Fertilisers can be made in a school laboratory using a batch process. State one advantage of using
June 2025, Paper 4 Higher, Q18(a) (2 marks): The life-cycle assessment is broken down into four main stages. The first stage is looking at obtaining the raw materials. State two other stages in a life-cycl
June 2025, Paper 4 Higher, Q18(b) (4 marks): A company does a life-cycle assessment to investigate three possible materials for making a single-use takeaway food container. The table gives some of the info
June 2025, Paper 4 Higher, Q22(a) (2 marks): One type of copper ore contains copper oxide. The copper oxide is heated with carbon. Write the balanced symbol equation for this reaction. [2]
June 2025, Paper 4 Higher, Q22(b)(i) (2 marks): Suggest two reasons why scientists have developed these methods. 1 2 [2]
June 2025, Paper 4 Higher, Q22(b)(ii) (4 marks): Phytoextraction is a method used to obtain copper from ores that contain a low percentage of copper compounds. The diagram shows the stages in phytoextraction.
June 2024, Paper 1 Foundation, Q7 (1 mark): Which row describes a formulation? Description Amount of chemicals A compound exact B mixture exact C compound random D mixture random Your answer [1]
June 2024, Paper 1 Foundation, Q18(a) (3 marks): The diagram shows how a town is recycling plastic waste. Key: Recycled Not able to be recycled Not put into recycling 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Amount of
June 2024, Paper 2 Foundation, Q11 (1 mark): Which polymer would be best for making a washing up bowl? Maximum useable Polymer Strength temperature (°C) A 38 high B 85 low C 110 high D 160 low Your answer
June 2024, Paper 2 Foundation, Q17(a) (2 marks): Explain why the iron nail in test tube 1 is the only nail that rusts. [2]
June 2024, Paper 2 Foundation, Q17(b) (2 marks): The student sets up another test tube as shown in Fig. 17.2. Fig. 17.2 Painted iron nail Water The mass of this iron nail was unchanged after a week. Explain wh
June 2024, Paper 2 Foundation, Q17(c)(i) (3 marks): The diagram shows a pan of boiling water. Which material would you choose to make the base of a pan? Explain your choice using the information in Table 17.1. Ma
June 2024, Paper 2 Foundation, Q17(c)(ii) (1 mark): Estimate how many times higher the melting point of the ceramic is compared to the polymer. You will need to round the melting points to 1 significant figure. A
June 2024, Paper 2 Foundation, Q17(d) (2 marks): Table 17.2 shows some information about recycling containers made from different materials. Table 17.2 Time powering a TV from the CO2 saved by recycling energy
June 2024, Paper 3 Higher, Q20(b) (2 marks): A scientist needs to choose a solid formulation that will be used at high temperatures. The graphs show how the temperature changes as three different formulati
June 2024, Paper 4 Higher, Q3 (1 mark): What is a life-cycle assessment? A Analysis of the cost of making, using, and disposing of a product. B Analysis of the energy needed to use a product throughou
June 2024, Paper 4 Higher, Q7 (1 mark): What is an advantage of extracting metals by phytoextraction? A It can extract metals from contaminated soils. B It is dependent on weather conditions. C It is
June 2024, Paper 4 Higher, Q18(a) (2 marks): The table shows the results. Test tube Mass of nail at start (g) Mass of nail after a week (g) 1 4.42 2 4.46 3 4.51 4.51 Complete the table to estimate the mass
June 2024, Paper 4 Higher, Q18(b) (3 marks): The student sets up another two test tubes as shown in Fig. 18.2. Fig. 18.2 Test tube 4 Test tube 5 Painted Iron nail iron nail coated with zinc Scratch Scratch
June 2024, Paper 4 Higher, Q18(c)(iii) (2 marks): Copper is used in electrical wires. The graph shows how impurities in copper affect the relative electrical conductivity of copper. 100 90 80 Relative electrica
June 2023, Paper 2 Foundation, Q4 (1 mark): Which conditions are needed for the rusting of iron to happen? A Air and no water B Air and oil C Air and salt D Air and water Your answer [1]
June 2023, Paper 2 Foundation, Q8 (1 mark): Brass is an alloy used to make musical instruments. What are the main metals in brass? A Aluminium and copper B Copper and tin C Copper and zinc D Lead and tin
June 2023, Paper 2 Foundation, Q12 (1 mark): Iron objects can be protected from rusting by coating them with a layer of zinc. What is this process called? A Galvanising B Insulating C Oxidation D Reduction
June 2023, Paper 2 Foundation, Q17(d) (2 marks): Iron is a transition metal. The list shows the reactivity series of some metals. The element carbon is also included. Sodium Most reactive Calcium Magnesium Car
June 2023, Paper 2 Foundation, Q21 (6 marks): 21* A life‑cycle assessment looks at the potential environmental impact at each stage of the life of a product. Cat food is sold in plastic packets or metal can
June 2023, Paper 2 Foundation, Q23(a) (3 marks): A company wants to use a polymer to make a disposable cup for hot drinks. Suggest and explain which polymer, A, B or C, the company should use. Polymer Reason [
June 2023, Paper 4 Higher, Q3 (1 mark): Copper can be extracted from copper ore by heating the copper ore with carbon. Copper can also be extracted by bioleaching. What is an advantage of bioleaching?
June 2023, Paper 4 Higher, Q8 (1 mark): Why are alloys stronger than the pure metals which they are made from? A Alloys combine the properties of the metals they are made from. B Alloys contain atoms
June 2023, Paper 4 Higher, Q17(a) (3 marks): A company wants to use a polymer to make a disposable cup for hot drinks. Suggest and explain which polymer, A, B or C, the company should use. Polymer Reason [
June 2023, Paper 4 Higher, Q19 (6 marks): 19* A life‑cycle assessment looks at the potential environmental impact at each stage of the life of a product. A car manufacturer does a life‑cycle assessment
June 2022, Paper 2 Foundation, Q17(d)(i) (2 marks): Ammonium sulfate contains the element nitrogen, N, which is essential for plant growth. State the names of the two other essential elements for plant growth. an
June 2022, Paper 2 Foundation, Q17(d)(ii) (4 marks): Ammonium sulfate can be produced in a laboratory or by industry. The table gives some information about these two ways of producing ammonium sulfate. Laboratory
June 2022, Paper 2 Foundation, Q18(a) (1 mark): What is the car manufacturer working out in these life-cycle assessments? Tick (3) one box. The potential amount of fuel used by the car. The potential cost of
June 2022, Paper 2 Foundation, Q18(b)(i) (1 mark): Which type of car produces the most carbon dioxide exhaust emissions? Tick (3) one box. Petrol car Diesel car Electric car [1]
June 2022, Paper 2 Foundation, Q18(b)(ii) (1 mark): Which type of car produces the most carbon dioxide over its lifetime? Tick (3) one box. Petrol car Diesel car Electric car [1]
June 2022, Paper 2 Foundation, Q19(d) (2 marks): In the past gutters were made from iron. Suggest why poly(chloroethene) is a better material than iron for making gutters. [2]
June 2022, Paper 2 Foundation, Q23(e) (1 mark): Copper metal is extracted from copper oxide by heating with carbon as shown in the equation. copper oxide + carbon copper + carbon dioxide Explain why copper is
June 2022, Paper 2 Foundation, Q23(f) (2 marks): Copper is used to make useful alloys. The table gives information about some copper alloys. Alloy Main metals Uses duralumin aircraft parts copper and brass mus
June 2022, Paper 3 Higher, Q20(b)(i) (1 mark): What is the name given to this type of mixture? [1]
June 2022, Paper 4 Higher, Q12 (1 mark): Which type of material is glass? A Alloy B Ceramic C Composite D Polymer Your answer [1]
June 2022, Paper 4 Higher, Q13 (1 mark): Phytoextraction is used to extract metals from their compounds. Which statement about phytoextraction is correct? A Involves growing plants in soil that contain
June 2022, Paper 4 Higher, Q15 (1 mark): How is iron protected from corrosion by sacrificial protection? A Iron is coated in a more reactive metal, like magnesium, which is more readily reduced than ir
June 2022, Paper 4 Higher, Q17(e) (1 mark): Copper metal is extracted from copper oxide by heating with carbon as shown in the equation. copper oxide + carbon copper + carbon dioxide Explain why copper is
June 2022, Paper 4 Higher, Q17(f) (2 marks): Copper is used to make useful alloys. The table gives information about some copper alloys. Alloy Main metals Uses duralumin aircraft parts copper and brass mus
June 2022, Paper 4 Higher, Q19(b) (3 marks): The table gives some information about the two methods of producing ammonium sulfate. Laboratory Industry titration of dilute sulfuric acid and uses raw materia
June 2022, Paper 4 Higher, Q19(c) (1 mark): Ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, is used as a fertiliser because it contains nitrogen. State why nitrogen is one of the essential elements needed by plants. [1]
June 2022, Paper 4 Higher, Q23(a) (1 mark): Why does the car manufacturer do a life-cycle assessment? [1]
June 2022, Paper 4 Higher, Q23(b)(i) (1 mark): Estimate the percentage of CO2 emissions for a diesel car which come from fuel production. Percentage of CO2 emissions = % [1]
November 2021, Paper 1 Foundation, Q18(c)(i) (3 marks): Calculate the percentage of lactose in the medicine. Give your answer to 2 significant figures. Percentage of lactose = % [3]
November 2021, Paper 1 Foundation, Q18(c)(ii) (1 mark): The scientist tests some samples to determine whether they have the same formulation as the medicine. The graph shows their results. 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 Mass (g
November 2021, Paper 2 Foundation, Q18(c) (1 mark): Ammonia reacts with nitric acid, HNO3, to form the fertiliser ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3. Write the balanced symbol equation for this reaction. [1]
November 2021, Paper 2 Foundation, Q18(d) (1 mark): Ammonium sulfate is another fertiliser that is made using ammonia. State the name of the acid that reacts with ammonia to form ammonium sulfate. [1]
November 2021, Paper 2 Foundation, Q18(e) (1 mark): State one reason why farmers add fertilisers to soil. [1]
November 2021, Paper 2 Foundation, Q18(f) (1 mark): Some fertilisers must be dissolved in water before farmers can add them to the soil. Fig. 18.2 shows information about the solubility of three fertilisers at di
November 2021, Paper 2 Foundation, Q20(a) (4 marks): Which metal in the table would you use to make the aircraft wing? Explain your answer. Use information from the table to help you. Metal Explanation [4]
November 2021, Paper 2 Foundation, Q20(b) (1 mark): Aluminium can be made into an alloy called duralumin. Which metal is mixed with aluminium to make duralumin? [1]
November 2021, Paper 2 Foundation, Q20(c) (4 marks): Iron corrodes. This is called rusting. A student does an experiment to find out what conditions are needed to cause an iron nail to rust. Look at the diagram of
November 2021, Paper 2 Foundation, Q20(d) (2 marks): Describe and explain one way to prevent an iron bridge from rusting. [2]
November 2021, Paper 2 Foundation, Q22(a)(i) (1 mark): Describe the purpose of a life-cycle assessment. [1]
November 2021, Paper 2 Foundation, Q22(a)(ii) (2 marks): Describe two examples of data, other than waste products and pollution, that could be included in a life-cycle assessment. 1 2 [2]
November 2021, Paper 2 Foundation, Q22(b)(i) (1 mark): At which stage are the most oxides of nitrogen produced by the diesel car? Tick (✓) one box. Vehicle production Fuel production Vehicle operation [1]
November 2021, Paper 2 Foundation, Q22(b)(ii) (4 marks): The car manufacturer estimates that a petrol car produces 29.8 tonnes of carbon dioxide over its lifetime. A diesel car produces only 20.5 tonnes of carbon diox
November 2021, Paper 3 Higher, Q21(b) (1 mark): When the painkiller is sold to the public, it is sold as a formulation, not as a pure substance. Explain how a formulation and a mixture are different. [1]
November 2021, Paper 4 Higher, Q10 (1 mark): Metals can be extracted by biological methods. Plants absorb metals through their roots and concentrate them in their cells. What is this method of metal extrac
November 2021, Paper 4 Higher, Q14 (1 mark): Fertilisers can be made in a batch process in the laboratory or in a continuous process in industry. The table gives some information about these two processes.
November 2021, Paper 4 Higher, Q15 (1 mark): Sacrificial protection is a method used to prevent iron from rusting. Sacrificial protection involves plating the iron with a more reactive metal such as zinc.
November 2021, Paper 4 Higher, Q17(a)(i) (1 mark): Describe the purpose of a life-cycle assessment. [1]
November 2021, Paper 4 Higher, Q17(a)(ii) (2 marks): Describe two examples of data, other than waste products and pollution, that could be included in a life-cycle assessment. 1 2 [2]
November 2021, Paper 4 Higher, Q17(b)(i) (1 mark): At which stage are the most oxides of nitrogen produced by the diesel car? Tick (3) one box. Vehicle production Fuel production Vehicle operation [1]
November 2021, Paper 4 Higher, Q17(b)(ii) (4 marks): The car manufacturer estimates that a petrol car produces 29.8 tonnes of carbon dioxide over its lifetime. A diesel car produces only 20.5 tonnes of carbon diox
November 2020, Paper 2 Foundation, Q1 (1 mark): Iron is a metal that rusts. What conditions are needed for the rusting of iron? A Air and an acid B Air and salt C Air and water D Water and salt Your answer [1
November 2020, Paper 2 Foundation, Q4 (1 mark): Brass is an alloy. What are the main metals in brass? A Aluminium and copper B Copper and iron C Copper and tin D Copper and zinc Your answer [1]
November 2020, Paper 2 Foundation, Q5 (1 mark): Which of the following are three of the essential elements needed by plants? A Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen B Hydrogen, potassium, phosphorus C Nitrogen, oxygen, po
November 2020, Paper 2 Foundation, Q23(b) (1 mark): Aluminium is a metal. Aluminium is extracted from an ore called bauxite. Electrolysis is used to extract the aluminium. Use the reactivity series to explain why
November 2020, Paper 2 Foundation, Q23(c)(i) (2 marks): Describe how aluminium is recycled. [2]
November 2020, Paper 2 Foundation, Q23(c)(ii) (3 marks): Describe and explain two advantages of recycling aluminium. Use the information in the question in your answer. [3]
November 2020, Paper 2 Foundation, Q24(a) (2 marks): Explain why fertilisers are so important in the agricultural production of crops. [2]
November 2020, Paper 2 Foundation, Q24(b) (2 marks): Ammonium sulfate is a fertiliser made from ammonia and sulfuric acid. The diagram shows the stages in the industrial production of ammonium sulfate. Complete th
November 2020, Paper 4 Higher, Q5 (1 mark): The table shows some information about four alloys. Alloy Main metals Typical Uses A brass copper and tin musical instruments B bronze copper and zinc bells C d
November 2020, Paper 4 Higher, Q13 (1 mark): Chemists often have a choice of reaction pathway when making a new product. Which factor do chemists consider when choosing a reaction pathway? A Disposal of pr
November 2020, Paper 4 Higher, Q16(b) (1 mark): Aluminium is a metal. Aluminium is extracted from an ore called bauxite. Electrolysis is used to extract the aluminium. Use the reactivity series to explain why
November 2020, Paper 4 Higher, Q16(c)(i) (2 marks): Describe how aluminium is recycled. [2]
November 2020, Paper 4 Higher, Q16(c)(ii) (3 marks): Describe and explain two advantages of recycling aluminium. Use the information in the question in your answer. [3]
November 2020, Paper 4 Higher, Q17(a) (2 marks): Explain why fertilisers are so important in the agricultural production of crops. [2]
November 2020, Paper 4 Higher, Q17(b) (2 marks): Ammonium sulfate is a fertiliser made from ammonia and sulfuric acid. The diagram shows the stages in the industrial production of ammonium sulfate. Complete th
November 2020, Paper 4 Higher, Q22(d)(i) (2 marks): Describe two advantages of extracting copper using bioleaching instead of traditional mining. 1 2 [2]
November 2020, Paper 4 Higher, Q22(d)(ii) (1 mark): Suggest one reason why the sulfuric acid produced during bioleaching may be harmful to the environment. [1]
June 2019, Paper 2 Foundation, Q9 (1 mark): The table shows the main stages in the life-cycle assessment of a manufactured product. Stage Process 1 Manufacturing the product 2 Obtaining raw materials 3 Di
June 2019, Paper 2 Foundation, Q10 (1 mark): The Haber process is used to make ammonia, NH3. N2 + 3H2 2NH3 What is the raw material for the nitrogen? A Air B Hydrochloric acid C Natural gas D Seawater Your
June 2019, Paper 2 Foundation, Q16(a) (3 marks): A student investigates the rusting of iron. Fig. 16.1 shows the experiments she sets up. Oil Boiled water Water Drying agent A B C Fig. 16.1 Write about what th
June 2019, Paper 2 Foundation, Q16(b) (2 marks): Another student buys a new bicycle. The bicycle chain is made of iron. The student decides to oil the chain to prevent it from rusting, as shown in Fig. 16.2. F
June 2019, Paper 2 Foundation, Q16(c) (2 marks): A galvanised iron bucket is made of iron coated with a layer of zinc. After years of use, the zinc coating has become scratched. The iron below the zinc has bee
June 2019, Paper 2 Foundation, Q18(a)(i) (1 mark): Complete the word equation for this reaction. iron oxide + carbon + [1]
June 2019, Paper 2 Foundation, Q18(b)(i) (1 mark): Zinc is usually extracted from zinc oxide by heating zinc oxide with carbon. Explain why. Use the reactivity series to help you. [1]
June 2019, Paper 2 Foundation, Q18(b)(ii) (1 mark): Aluminium is extracted from aluminium oxide by electrolysis. Explain why. Use the reactivity series to help you. [1]
June 2019, Paper 2 Foundation, Q18(c) (2 marks): The table shows some information about aluminium and zinc. Amount Cost of 1 kg Metal in Earth’s crust (£) (%) Aluminium 1.31 8.1 Zinc 2.51 0.0078 Suggest two re
June 2019, Paper 2 Foundation, Q18(d) (4 marks): Aluminium alloys are often used to build aircraft. A sample of an aluminium alloy contains 1.28 g of magnesium and 43.70 g of aluminium only. Calculate the perc
June 2019, Paper 2 Foundation, Q19(b) (2 marks): Ammonia is used to make fertilisers. Fertilisers usually contain nitrogen. Name the two other elements that fertilisers usually contain. and [2]
June 2019, Paper 2 Foundation, Q22(a) (4 marks): Describe and explain two reasons why bullet-resistant vests are made from Kevlar® instead of steel. 1 2 [4]
June 2019, Paper 4 Higher, Q11 (1 mark): Phytoextraction is one way to extract copper from low-grade ores. The table shows the main stages involved in phytoextraction. Stage Process 1 Copper ions accum
June 2019, Paper 4 Higher, Q16(a) (4 marks): Describe and explain two reasons why bullet-resistant vests are made from Kevlar® instead of steel. 1 2 [4]
June 2019, Paper 4 Higher, Q18(d)(ii) (1 mark): In industry the same reaction is used to make ammonium sulfate. The method used is different. Give one reason why the laboratory method to make ammonium sulfate
June 2018, Paper 2 Foundation, Q5 (1 mark): The list shows part of the reactivity series of metals including carbon. Sodium Lithium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Carbon Zinc Iron Tin Lead Which row of the t
June 2018, Paper 2 Foundation, Q23(c) (2 marks): Steel is an alloy containing iron. Complete the word equation for the corrosion of iron. Iron + + [2]
June 2018, Paper 2 Foundation, Q23(d)(i) (2 marks): Iron can be plated with a layer of zinc to prevent it corroding. This is called galvanising. Explain how galvanising prevents iron from corroding. [2]
June 2018, Paper 2 Foundation, Q23(d)(ii) (1 mark): Iron can also be plated with a layer of tin to prevent it corroding. Describe a disadvantage of tin plating for preventing corrosion. [1]
June 2018, Paper 2 Foundation, Q24(a) (3 marks): A car company is developing three new cars: • A petrol car • A diesel car • An electric car. They do a life-cycle assessment of each car. Look at the informatio
June 2018, Paper 2 Foundation, Q24(d) (3 marks): Car manufacturers are developing cars that are powered by hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells. The table shows some information about a 200 km journey using an electric
June 2018, Paper 4 Higher, Q6 (1 mark): Look at the information about four different polymers. Maximum Tensile Cost Melting point useable Polymer strength (£ per kg) (°C) temperature (MPa) (°C) A 0.74
June 2018, Paper 4 Higher, Q12 (1 mark): Which one of the following is an advantage of phytoextraction? A A high concentration of a metal can be obtained from a low grade ore. B Bacteria are used to di
June 2018, Paper 4 Higher, Q16(a) (3 marks): A car company is developing three new cars: • A petrol car • A diesel car • An electric car. They do a life‑cycle assessment of each car. Look at the informatio
June 2018, Paper 4 Higher, Q16(d) (3 marks): Car manufacturers are developing cars that are powered by hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells. The table shows some information about a 200 km journey using an electric

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