The elements of groups 1 and 2: Edexcel International A Level Chemistry questions

Every Edexcel International A Level Chemistry exam question on 8B The elements of groups 1 and 2 (specification points 8.11–8.23), 2019–2025, with its mark scheme and examiner’s report.

All 223 questions on The elements of groups 1 and 2, as a list

June 2025, AS Unit 2, Q7 (1 mark): Which electron movement causes the yellow colour produced in a sodium chloride flame test? A addition of an electron to a sodium ion B an electron moving from a
June 2025, AS Unit 2, Q17(a) (7 marks): The value of n in a sample of a hydrated magnesium carbonate, MgCO3∙nH2O , can be determined by the reaction with hydrochloric acid. The equation for the reacti
June 2025, AS Unit 2, Q17(c)(i) (3 marks): Explain, with reference to the thermal stability of the Group 2 carbonates, why the use of calcium carbonate rather than magnesium carbonate would increase the
June 2025, AS Unit 3, Q2(a)(i) (2 marks): Describe how to carry out a flame test. (2)
June 2025, AS Unit 3, Q2(a)(ii) (2 marks): The flame test colours for the potassium ion and the rubidium ion are difficult to tell apart. Give the flame test colours for the potassium ion and for the rub
June 2025, AS Unit 3, Q2(a)(iii) (2 marks): Both lithium ions and strontium ions produce red flame colours, so further tests are required to identify these cations. Explain how a chemical test could be us
June 2025, AS Unit 3, Q3(b)(ii) (1 mark): Identify, by name or formula, one ion which might be present in tap water that might cause the formation of a white precipitate on the left-hand side of the fil
June 2025, Unit 6, Q2(c)(ii) (4 marks): The equation for the titration is shown. Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) A data book value for the concentration of a saturated solution of calcium
January 2025, AS Unit 2, Q2 (1 mark): A student sketched a graph of the temperature (K) of the decomposition of some of the Group 2 nitrates against the metal’s atomic number. 1200 1100 1000 900 Tem
January 2025, AS Unit 2, Q4 (1 mark): What is the flame colour produced by strontium ions? A green B red C white D yellow
January 2025, AS Unit 2, Q5 (1 mark): Which order is correct for the solubilities of Group 2 sulfates? A barium > strontium > magnesium B calcium > strontium > magnesium C magnesium > barium > calci
January 2025, AS Unit 2, Q12(a) (1 mark): What is the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution? (1) A 0.176 mol dm–3 B 0.239 mol dm–3 C 0.351 mol dm–3 D 0.702 mol dm–3
January 2025, AS Unit 2, Q12(b) (1 mark): What is the percentage error in the titre? [The burette is accurate to 0.05 cm3 per reading] (1) A 0.10% B 0.34% C 0.40% D 0.68%
January 2025, AS Unit 2, Q17(c) (2 marks): Another student suggested that the reaction between manganate(VII) and rhubarb juice could be used to find the concentration of ethanedioic acid in rhubarb juic
January 2025, AS Unit 3, Q1(a)(i) (4 marks): Describe how the student could use flame colour to confirm that the solid sample contains potassium ions. Outline the experimental procedure, stating the colour
January 2025, AS Unit 3, Q1(a)(ii) (2 marks): The student dissolved some of the solid sample in deionised water in a test tube. To the test tube, the student added dilute hydrochloric acid followed by aqueo
January 2025, AS Unit 3, Q1(b)(i) (2 marks): The student warmed some of the solution in a test tube, before adding aqueous sodium hydroxide and holding damp red litmus paper at the mouth of the tube. + . F
January 2025, AS Unit 3, Q2(a) (3 marks): Explain why the volume of hydrochloric acid added to the burette in Step 2 does not need to be exact. You must include a calculation. (3)
January 2025, AS Unit 3, Q2(b) (1 mark): State why the magnesium does not start reacting as soon as the burette is inverted in Step 4. (1)
January 2025, AS Unit 3, Q2(d) (2 marks): Calculate the volume of 1 mol of hydrogen gas at r.t.p., in cm3, using your answer to (c), the reaction equation and the mass of magnesium (0.030 g) used in the
January 2025, AS Unit 3, Q2(e) (2 marks): The magnesium ribbon used in Step 1 contained a magnesium oxide impurity of up to 2% by mass. Explain whether this magnesium oxide impurity could account for an
January 2025, AS Unit 3, Q3(c)(ii) (2 marks): The titration was carried out with a few drops of phenolphthalein indicator in the conical flask. State the colour change observed at the end‑point of the titra
January 2025, AS Unit 3, Q3(c)(iii) (1 mark): The formation of a white precipitate was observed during the titration. Suggest the identity of the white precipitate, by name or formula. (1)
January 2025, AS Unit 3, Q3(c)(iv) (3 marks): The titration was repeated, giving a mean titre of 31.55 cm3. Calculate the concentration of the barium hydroxide solution, Ba(OH)2(aq), in g dm–3. Ba(OH)2 and
October 2024, AS Unit 2, Q4 (1 mark): Which statement about Group 2 elements and their compounds is true? A calcium hydroxide is less soluble than magnesium hydroxide in water B all Group 2 metals g
October 2024, AS Unit 2, Q5 (1 mark): A compound, which is a white solid, gives a red flame test and produces a colourless, acidic gas when heated. What is the identity of the compound? A calcium ca
October 2024, AS Unit 2, Q16(c)(ii) (2 marks): Barium ions are toxic in aqueous solution. If a solution containing barium ions enters the body, barium poisoning occurs. Describe how drinking magnesium sulfat
October 2024, AS Unit 2, Q20(a)(i) (2 marks): Write an equation for the reaction that occurs. Include state symbols in your answer. (2)
October 2024, AS Unit 2, Q20(a)(ii) (2 marks): Give two observations you would make during this reaction. (2)
October 2024, AS Unit 2, Q20(b) (2 marks): Lithium metal is stored under oil. When a piece of lithium metal is removed from the oil, the surface quickly tarnishes. One compound formed is lithium nitride.
October 2024, AS Unit 2, Q20(e) (6 marks): Compounds of lithium (Group 1) and compounds of magnesium (Group 2) have similar properties. Explain why: the ionic radii of Li+ and Mg2+ are similar • • the th
October 2024, AS Unit 3, Q1(a)(i) (4 marks): Flame tests can be used to confirm the identity of the cations. Complete the table to show a possible identity for the cations in X, Y and Z, and the colours of
October 2024, AS Unit 3, Q1(b)(i) (4 marks): Describe in outline an experiment to compare the thermal stability of Group 2 carbonates. You may wish to include a diagram. (4)
October 2024, AS Unit 3, Q1(b)(ii) (1 mark): Give a reason why the experiment described in (b)(i) may not produce the expected results for all the Group 2 carbonates in a school laboratory. (1)
October 2024, Unit 6, Q1(a)(ii) (1 mark): A green flame was seen when a flame test was carried out on a sample of solid P. Identify P by name or formula. (1) P
June 2024, AS Unit 2, Q5 (1 mark): Steam is passed over heated magnesium. Which reaction occurs most readily? A Mg + H2O → MgO + H2 B Mg + 2H2O → Mg(OH)2 + H2 C 2Mg + H2O → Mg2O + H2 D 2Mg + 2H2O
June 2024, AS Unit 2, Q6 (1 mark): What are the products formed when lithium nitrate and calcium nitrate are heated separately? Lithium nitrate Calcium nitrate A lithium nitrite and oxygen calciu
June 2024, AS Unit 2, Q7 (1 mark): Group 2 compounds give different colours in a flame test. The best explanation is that the cations have different A gaps between electronic energy levels B ioni
June 2024, AS Unit 2, Q8 (1 mark): Two tests were performed on an unknown ionic compound. Silver nitrate solution was added to an aqueous solution of the compound, forming a white precipitate. A
June 2024, AS Unit 2, Q10 (1 mark): Which solution remains clear on addition to barium chloride solution? A dilute sulfuric acid B silver nitrate solution C sodium nitrate solution D sodium sulfat
June 2024, AS Unit 2, Q11(a) (1 mark): The titration is carried out using methyl orange as an indicator. What would be the colour change at the end‑point of the titration? (1) A orange to red B red t
June 2024, AS Unit 2, Q11(b) (1 mark): What is the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the potassium sulfate solution produced by this reaction at the end‑point, to 2 significant figures? (1) A 0.010 B 0.
June 2024, AS Unit 2, Q11(c) (1 mark): Information about the uncertainties in each reading used to measure the volumes of the solutions in this titration is shown. Uncertainty / cm3 Solution Equipmen
June 2024, AS Unit 3, Q1(c)(ii) (3 marks): The reaction of 0.320 g of the Group 2 metal carbonate resulted in 89.0 cm3 of carbon dioxide gas being collected in the gas syringe. MCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MCl2(
June 2024, Unit 6, Q5(b)(i) (4 marks): Calculate the molar mass of NH4X. Use the data from Steps 1 and 2. (4)
June 2024 (R), AS Unit 2, Q11 (1 mark): Which statement is correct about the solubilities of Group 2 compounds as the group is descended? A the solubility of the hydroxides and sulfates increases for
June 2024 (R), AS Unit 2, Q12 (1 mark): Which nitrate does not produce brown fumes when heated? A LiNO3 B KNO3 C Ca(NO3)2 D Ba(NO3)2
June 2024 (R), AS Unit 2, Q13 (1 mark): Compound X gives a red flame test and a solution of X produces a white precipitate when added to nitric acid and silver nitrate solution. Which could be compoun
June 2024 (R), AS Unit 2, Q18(c) (3 marks): Explain how the enthalpy change for the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate, CaCO3 , compares to that for magnesium carbonate in (b)(ii). (3)
June 2024 (R), AS Unit 3, Q2(a)(i) (3 marks): Describe the differences you would see when this experiment is carried out with the three metals. (3)
June 2024 (R), AS Unit 3, Q2(b)(i) (1 mark): Write an ionic equation for the reaction of magnesium chloride solution with aqueous sodium hydroxide. Include state symbols in your answer. (1)
June 2024 (R), AS Unit 3, Q2(b)(ii) (1 mark): State what would be observed during this reaction. (1)
June 2024 (R), AS Unit 3, Q2(b)(iii) (2 marks): It is suspected that a bottle of magnesium chloride solution has been contaminated with barium chloride. Describe a test and its result, other than a flame test
June 2024 (R), AS Unit 3, Q2(b)(iv) (2 marks): State the colours produced by the magnesium ions and barium ions in a flame test. (2) Magnesium Barium
June 2024 (R), AS Unit 3, Q3(a) (2 marks): Phenolphthalein indicator was used in the experiment. State the colour change seen at the end-point. (2)
June 2024 (R), AS Unit 3, Q3(b) (1 mark): Calculate the mean titre of sodium hydroxide solution using the concordant results. (1)
June 2024 (R), AS Unit 3, Q3(c) (2 marks): Calculate the concentration of the maleic acid solution in mol dm–3. [Mr maleic acid = 116] (2)
June 2024 (R), AS Unit 3, Q3(d) (3 marks): Use your answers to (b) and (c) to calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution in mol dm–3. (3)
January 2024, AS Unit 1, Q20(d)(ii) (2 marks): Give two observations you would make when the reaction is taking place. (2)
January 2024, AS Unit 2, Q9 (1 mark): Which test reagent could be used to identify an aqueous solution containing hydrogencarbonate ions, HCO– 3 ? A sodium carbonate B sodium hydroxide C nitric acid
January 2024, AS Unit 2, Q21(b)(iii) (1 mark): State the expected flame colour when CaCl2 is used in a flame test. (1)
January 2024, AS Unit 2, Q21(c)(i) (2 marks): State two observations that would be made. (2) 1 2
January 2024, AS Unit 2, Q21(c)(ii) (3 marks): Explain why the observations from (c)(i) would be made more quickly if the experiment was repeated with solid anhydrous magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2(s). (3)
January 2024, AS Unit 2, Q21(d) (6 marks): Samples of calcium and magnesium are added to separate test tubes of cold water containing a few drops of universal indicator. State and explain the differences
January 2024, AS Unit 3, Q2(a) (1 mark): Draw a circle around the concordant results in the table. (1)
January 2024, AS Unit 3, Q2(b) (1 mark): Calculate the mean titre, using your answer from (a). (1)
January 2024, AS Unit 3, Q2(c)(i) (1 mark): State the colour change that occurs at the end‑point of the titration. (1)
January 2024, AS Unit 3, Q2(c)(ii) (5 marks): Calculate the percentage by mass of citric acid in the lemon juice, using your mean titre from (b). Give your answer to two significant figures. [Concentration
January 2024, AS Unit 3, Q2(d) (1 mark): Suggest a possible reason why the value obtained in (c) is valid, even though lemon juice also contains some ascorbic acid and malic acid. (1)
January 2024, AS Unit 3, Q2(e)(ii) (2 marks): Student C used sodium hydroxide solution labelled 0.103 mol dm–3 that had been made up several months ago and stored since then. Explain what effect this would
October 2023, AS Unit 2, Q9 (1 mark): Which property decreases as Group 2 is descended? A atomic radius B reactivity of the elements C solubility of the sulfates D thermal stability of the nitrates
October 2023, AS Unit 2, Q20(a)(ii) (1 mark): Limewater (an aqueous solution of calcium hydroxide) can be used to test for the presence of gaseous carbon dioxide. State what would be seen when carbon dioxid
October 2023, AS Unit 2, Q20(b)(i) (4 marks): Calculate the concentration of the saturated solution, in g dm–3. (4)
October 2023, AS Unit 2, Q20(b)(ii) (2 marks): The student used the same procedure to determine the solubility of strontium hydroxide. Explain whether or not the mean titre value for strontium hydroxide woul
October 2023, AS Unit 3, Q1(a)(i) (3 marks): Describe the method for carrying out a flame test. (3)
October 2023, AS Unit 3, Q1(a)(ii) (2 marks): Complete the table of results. (2) Formula of Compound Flame colour cation present A Na+ K+ B C pale green
October 2023, AS Unit 3, Q4(a) (2 marks): State the colour change of the indicator at the end-point of the titration. (2) From to
October 2023, AS Unit 3, Q4(d) (3 marks): The mean titre from two accurate titrations was 22.65 cm3 . Calculate the concentration of the hydrochloric acid, in mol dm−3 . The equation for the reaction is
June 2023, AS Unit 2, Q10 (1 mark): When lithium reacts with excess oxygen, only lithium oxide is formed. When sodium reacts with excess oxygen, sodium oxide and sodium peroxide are both formed. W
June 2023, AS Unit 2, Q11 (1 mark): A piece of sodium weighing 1.15 g reacts completely with distilled water and the solution formed is made up to 250.0 cm3. 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) W
June 2023, AS Unit 2, Q13 (1 mark): When solid sodium chloride is placed in a Bunsen flame, a persistent yellow colour is observed. The yellow colour is due to A electrons being excited to higher
June 2023, AS Unit 3, Q1(a)(i) (1 mark): A flame test was carried out on solid A and a pale green colour was observed. Identify, by name or formula, the cation present in A. (1)
June 2023, AS Unit 3, Q1(b)(i) (2 marks): Give a test, with the expected result, to confirm the presence of the ammonium ion in B. (2) Test Expected result
June 2023, AS Unit 3, Q1(b)(ii) (3 marks): Give a test, with the expected result, to confirm the presence of the sulfate ion in B. (3) Test Expected result
June 2023, AS Unit 3, Q4(a)(i) (2 marks): State two observations when this reaction takes place. (2)
June 2023, AS Unit 3, Q4(c)(i) (2 marks): State the colour change observed in the conical flask at
June 2023, AS Unit 3, Q4(c)(ii) (2 marks): Complete the table and use the concordant results to calculate the mean titre. (2)
June 2023, AS Unit 3, Q4(c)(iii) (4 marks): The reaction taking place in this titration is Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) Calculate the concentration of the calcium hydroxide solution in g d
June 2023, AS Unit 3, Q4(d) (2 marks): Dissolving calcium hydroxide in water is an exothermic process. Describe what you would see if the saturated solution of calcium hydroxide was heated from room
June 2023, Unit 6, Q1(c)(ii) (2 marks): Describe a test, and its positive result, that the student could have carried out to show the presence of sulfate ions. (2)
January 2023, AS Unit 2, Q9 (1 mark): Compound Q produces • a red colour in a flame test • a white precipitate when aqueous potassium sulfate is added to a solution of the compound. What is compound
January 2023, AS Unit 2, Q10 (1 mark): Which reaction produces more than one product? A Mg + O2 → B Ca + Cl2 → C Sr + H2O → D BaO + H2O →
January 2023, AS Unit 2, Q21 (6 marks): *21 Discuss some aspects of the thermal stability of the anhydrous nitrates of the elements in Groups 1 and 2 of the Periodic Table. In your answer you should e
January 2023, AS Unit 3, Q3(a)(i) (2 marks): In Step 1, the student rinsed both the pipette and the volumetric flask with deionised water before transferring 25.0 cm3 of solution A. State the effect, if an
January 2023, AS Unit 3, Q3(a)(iv) (2 marks): State the colour change of the phenolphthalein indicator at the end‑point of the titration in Step 3. (2) From to
January 2023, AS Unit 3, Q3(a)(v) (1 mark): The results of the student’s experiment are shown. Titration Trial 1 2 3 4 Final volume / cm3 29.25 33.25 32.00 29.50 28.90 Initial volume / cm3 0.00 4.50 3.15
January 2023, AS Unit 3, Q3(a)(vi) (1 mark): Give a reason why the student did not need to carry out titrations 3 and 4. (1)
January 2023, AS Unit 3, Q3(a)(vii) (1 mark): Give a reason why solution A was diluted before titrating it with this sodium hydroxide solution. (1)
January 2023, AS Unit 3, Q3(b)(ii) (5 marks): Calculate the concentration of citric acid in solution A in g dm–3, using the equation from (b)(i) and the results from (a)(v). Give your answer to three signif
October 2022, AS Unit 2, Q5 (1 mark): Which property decreases as Group 2 of the Periodic Table is descended? A reactivity of the elements B solubility of the hydroxides C solubility of the sulfates
October 2022, AS Unit 2, Q8 (1 mark): What produces the colour in a flame test? Energy change of electrons Movement of electrons A energy absorbed from ground state to excited state B energy emitted
October 2022, AS Unit 2, Q10 (1 mark): Which nitrate forms oxygen as the only gaseous product on heating? A LiNO3 B NaNO3 C Mg(NO3)2 D Ca(NO3)2
October 2022, AS Unit 2, Q19 (1 mark): A student carries out two sets of titrations, one using methyl orange and the other using phenolphthalein as indicators. The conical flask contains sodium hydro
October 2022, AS Unit 3, Q1(a)(i) (1 mark): Give a reason why the mixture needs to be acidified. (1)
October 2022, AS Unit 3, Q1(a)(ii) (2 marks): Identify, by name or formula, a suitable acid. Justify your answer. (2)
October 2022, AS Unit 3, Q1(a)(iii) (2 marks): A student is given a sample of white crystals to test for sulfate ions. Describe how the test should be carried out, including the positive result. (2)
October 2022, AS Unit 3, Q1(b)(i) (3 marks): State the test you would carry out on separate solid samples of sodium bromide and barium chloride to show the cations present. Include the positive result for
October 2022, AS Unit 3, Q2(a)(i) (1 mark): Complete the table. (1)
October 2022, AS Unit 3, Q2(a)(ii) (1 mark): Calculate the mean titre for the titration. (1)
October 2022, AS Unit 3, Q2(b)(i) (2 marks): Calculate the number of moles of sulfuric acid that reacted with the sodium hydroxide in the mean titre, using your answer from (a)(ii). (2)
October 2022, AS Unit 3, Q2(b)(ii) (1 mark): Calculate the total number of moles of sulfuric acid used at the start of the experiment. (1)
October 2022, AS Unit 3, Q2(b)(iii) (4 marks): Calculate the percentage of magnesium carbonate in the antacid tablet, using your answers to (b)(i) and (b)(ii). You must show all your working. (4) MgCO3 + H2S
October 2022, AS Unit 3, Q2(c)(i) (1 mark): Give one possible reason for carrying out a rough titration. (1)
October 2022, AS Unit 3, Q2(c)(ii) (2 marks): Phenolphthalein indicator was used in the titration. State the colour change seen at the end‑point. (2) From to
October 2022, Unit 6, Q2(c) (5 marks): The mean titre was 12.75 cm3. Calculate the percentage by mass of ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4 , in the sample of plant fertiliser. [Relative formula mass of (NH
June 2022, AS Unit 2, Q5(a) (1 mark): Which is the equation for this reaction? (1) A Ca + H2O → CaO + H2 B Ca + 2H2O → CaO2 + 2H2 C Ca + H2O → CaOH + ½H2 D Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2
June 2022, AS Unit 2, Q6 (1 mark): Which is the ionic equation for the reaction of solid barium carbonate with dilute hydrochloric acid? A BaCO3(s) + 2H+(aq) → Ba2+(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) B Ba2CO3
June 2022, AS Unit 2, Q9(a) (1 mark): What is the colour change of the indicator at the end-point of this titration? (1) A red to orange B red to yellow C yellow to orange D yellow to red
June 2022, AS Unit 2, Q9(b) (1 mark): A student carried out the first titration and did not notice that there was an air bubble between the tap and the tip of the burette. During the titration, the
June 2022, AS Unit 2, Q9(c) (1 mark): 25.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm−3 aqueous sodium hydroxide required a mean titre of 18.70 cm3 of sulfuric acid. 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) What is th
June 2022, AS Unit 2, Q15(a) (3 marks): Calcium carbonate decomposes on heating. CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) Explain why calcium carbonate decomposes at a higher temperature than magnesium carbonate, i
June 2022, AS Unit 3, Q2(a) (4 marks): Calculate the value for the Ar of the metal M from the data of the first student. MHCO3 and HCl react in a 1 : 1 ratio. You must show your working. Give your an
June 2022, AS Unit 3, Q2(b)(iv) (4 marks): The second student was told that using a beaker to prepare their standard solution was incorrect. Describe the steps the student should take to make a standard
June 2022, AS Unit 3, Q2(c)(i) (2 marks): State the test the students might use on the white solid to show that M was potassium. Include the expected result. (2)
June 2022, Unit 6, Q1(b)(ii) (2 marks): Give the formulae of the ions of the salt in B. (2)
June 2022, Unit 6, Q3(a)(iii) (1 mark): Excess nitric acid must be neutralised before the iodide ions are added in Stage 2. Sodium carbonate solution is slowly added to the cooled solution. The soluti
June 2022, Unit 6, Q3(a)(iv) (3 marks): Ethanoic acid solution is added, drop by drop, to the neutralised mixture until the precipitate redissolves. Describe how the solution in the beaker should then
January 2022, AS Unit 2, Q15 (1 mark): A titre of 13.25 cm3 was obtained using a 50 cm3 burette. What is the percentage uncertainty in the titre? [Each reading of the burette has an uncertainty of ±
January 2022, AS Unit 2, Q23(a)(i) (1 mark): State why the thermal decomposition of magnesium ethanedioate should be carried out in a fume cupboard. (1)
January 2022, AS Unit 2, Q23(b) (3 marks): Magnesium carbonate undergoes thermal decomposition at a higher temperature than magnesium ethanedioate. MgCO3 → MgO + CO2 Explain the trend in the thermal deco
January 2022, AS Unit 3, Q1(a)(ii) (2 marks): Describe a test to confirm the presence of NH 4 + ions in a solution of NH4Cl. Include the result of the positive test. (2)
January 2022, AS Unit 3, Q3(a)(ii) (1 mark): Give a possible reason why it is necessary to add sodium sulfate solution. Justify your answer. (1)
January 2022, AS Unit 3, Q3(c)(i) (2 marks): Complete the table and use the concordant results to calculate the mean titre. (2)
January 2022, AS Unit 3, Q3(c)(ii) (5 marks): Determine the value of x in the formula of the hydrated salt, BaCl2 · x H2O. Use information from the procedure and your mean titre from (c)(i). You must show y
October 2021, AS Unit 2, Q8 (1 mark): Data for some Group 1 and Group 2 cations are shown in the table. Cation Ionic radius / nm Ionic charge W 0.100 +2 X 0.138 +1 Y 0.113 +2 Z 0.149 +1 Which cation
October 2021, AS Unit 2, Q21(a)(i) (2 marks): Write the equation for this reaction. Include state symbols. (2)
October 2021, AS Unit 2, Q21(a)(iii) (1 mark): The reaction of potassium with water is very vigorous and a flame is seen. State the colour of the flame. (1)
October 2021, AS Unit 2, Q21(b)(i) (2 marks): The indicator used was phenolphthalein. State the colour change at the end-point. (2) from to
October 2021, AS Unit 2, Q21(b)(ii) (4 marks): Calculate the relative atomic mass of M and use it to identify the Group 1 metal, M. (4)
October 2021, AS Unit 3, Q1(a) (2 marks): State a test for the strontium cation, giving the expected result. (2)
October 2021, AS Unit 3, Q1(b) (2 marks): An unlabelled bottle was thought to contain solid strontium chloride. A sample of the solid was dissolved in distilled water for tests to identify the anion. Co
October 2021, AS Unit 3, Q1(c) (1 mark): Anhydrous strontium sulfate undergoes thermal decomposition at approximately 1300 °C. SrSO4(s) → SrO(s) + SO2(g) + ½O2(g) Suggest why this decomposition is unli
October 2021, AS Unit 3, Q1(d)(i) (1 mark): Describe how to ensure the strontium nitrate decomposes fully. (1)
October 2021, AS Unit 3, Q1(d)(ii) (1 mark): State the colour of nitrogen dioxide gas. (1)
October 2021, AS Unit 3, Q1(d)(iii) (1 mark): Give the test for oxygen and the expected positive result. (1)
October 2021, AS Unit 3, Q1(d)(iv) (2 marks): The solid residue from the decomposition was added to distilled water. Give one observation for the reaction that takes place, identifying the product of the re
October 2021, AS Unit 3, Q5(a) (1 mark): Complete the titre values. (1) Titration number Rough 1 2 3 4 Final reading 24.90 21.25 42.85 21.80 43.15 / cm3 Initial reading 2.30 0.00 21.25 0.50 21.80 / cm3
October 2021, AS Unit 3, Q5(b)(i) (1 mark): State why the value from Titration 2 was not used to calculate the mean. (1)
October 2021, AS Unit 3, Q5(b)(ii) (4 marks): Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution in mol dm−3. (4)
October 2021, AS Unit 3, Q5(d) (2 marks): State the colour change that would be seen at the end-point in this titration using phenolphthalein as the indicator. (2) From to
October 2021, Unit 6, Q1(b) (2 marks): Describe a test, and its positive result, to confirm the presence of the sulfate ion in another sample of the copper(II) sulfate solution. (2)
June 2021, AS Unit 2, Q15(b) (1 mark): 25.0 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution prepared in (a) was placed in a conical flask and titrated with sulfuric acid. 2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O Calculate
June 2021, AS Unit 2, Q15(c) (1 mark): Phenolphthalein indicator was used for the titration in (b). What was the colour change at the endpoint? (1) A colourless → pink B pink → colourless C orange →
June 2021, AS Unit 2, Q17 (1 mark): What volume, in dm3, of hydrogen gas will be produced when 3.00 g of lithium is reacted with water at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.)? 2Li + 2H2O → 2LiOH
June 2021, AS Unit 2, Q21(b) (3 marks): In practice, magnesium carbonate also decomposes on stronger heating. Describe and explain the trend in the thermal decomposition of Group 2 carbonates. (3)
June 2021, AS Unit 3, Q1(a)(i) (2 marks): Identify a material from which the flame test wire could be made. Justify your answer. (2)
June 2021, AS Unit 3, Q1(a)(ii) (4 marks): Describe how to carry out a flame test on a solid, giving the expected flame colour for each of these compounds. (4)
June 2021, AS Unit 3, Q1(b) (4 marks): Sodium sulfate and potassium carbonate may also be distinguished using chemical tests. Give a chemical test for each compound which would confirm the identity o
June 2021, AS Unit 3, Q3(a) (2 marks): State the colour change observed at the end-point of the titration. (2) From to
June 2021, AS Unit 3, Q3(b)(i) (1 mark): Complete the table. (1)
June 2021, AS Unit 3, Q3(b)(ii) (1 mark): Give a reason why the first titre should not be used to calculate the mean titre. (1)
June 2021, AS Unit 3, Q3(b)(iii) (2 marks): Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid in the mean titre. (2)
June 2021, AS Unit 3, Q3(b)(iv) (3 marks): The equation for the reaction in the titration is Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) Calculate the concentration of barium hydroxide, in g dm−3, givin
June 2021, AS Unit 3, Q4(c)(ii) (2 marks): Addition of sodium hydrogencarbonate solution in Step 4 causes vigorous effervescence. Explain how the problem associated with Step 4 should be dealt with. (2)
June 2021, Unit 6, Q1(b)(iv) (2 marks): When the mixture from (b)(iii) is warmed, a gas is evolved. Give a test to identify the gas stating the positive result of the test. (2)
June 2021, Unit 6, Q2(d) (1 mark): Give the reason why the addition of ethanol in Step 3 results in the precipitation of crystals of Cu(NH3)4SO4.H2O. (1)
June 2021, Unit 6, Q2(f)(ii) (1 mark): Give a reason why the ethanol is cold. (1)
January 2021, AS Unit 2, Q9 (1 mark): Which of these compounds does not produce a colour in a flame test, and produces an alkaline gas when warmed with sodium hydroxide solution? A Ca(OH)2 B Mg(OH)2
January 2021, AS Unit 2, Q21(a) (2 marks): A test to confirm the presence of an aqueous acid is adding a small amount of solid sodium carbonate to the solution. Describe two observations you would see in
January 2021, AS Unit 3, Q1(b) (3 marks): Three of the cations in the compounds in (a) can be identified using flame tests. Complete Table 2. (3) Cation formula Flame colour Table 2
January 2021, AS Unit 3, Q2(b)(i) (1 mark): Explain why the burette is rinsed with ethanedioic acid solution in Step 2. (1)
January 2021, AS Unit 3, Q2(c)(i) (2 marks): Complete the table and calculate the mean titre. (2)
January 2021, AS Unit 3, Q2(c)(ii) (3 marks): Calculate the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution in mol dm–3. The equation for the titration is (COOH)2 + 2NaOH → (COONa)2 + 2H2O (3)
January 2021, AS Unit 3, Q3(a) (1 mark): Give a reason why the delivery tube must be removed from the water bath before removing the test tube from the heat source. (1)
January 2021, AS Unit 3, Q3(b)(i) (3 marks): Using the results of the experiment identify the Group 2 metal. [Molar volume of gas at room temperature and pressure = 24.0 dm3 mol−1 ] (3)
January 2021, AS Unit 3, Q3(b)(ii) (2 marks): The student suggested that the experiment could be made more accurate by increasing the mass of carbonate from 0.33 g to 1.00 g. No changes to the size of the a
January 2021, Unit 6, Q1(b)(iii) (1 mark): Suggest the identity, by name or formula, of the anion in C. (1)
January 2021, Unit 6, Q1(b)(iv) (2 marks): Identify A by name or formula. Justify your answer. (2)
January 2021, Unit 6, Q1(b)(v) (2 marks): When A is added to D no change is seen. A small amount of this mixture is added to B and a white precipitate forms. Suggest what can be deduced about solutions
January 2021, Unit 6, Q2(c) (2 marks): A student who used Method 1 obtained a value that was significantly larger than the actual concentration of the solution. Explain one possible source of experim
October 2020, AS Unit 2, Q8(a) (1 mark): Which of these compounds could be Q? (1) A barium nitrate B lithium nitrate C magnesium nitrate D rubidium nitrate
October 2020, AS Unit 2, Q8(b) (1 mark): Which colour and test results are correct for nitrogen dioxide gas? (1) Colour of Colour change of nitrogen dioxide damp litmus paper A brown blue to red B brow
October 2020, AS Unit 2, Q14(a) (2 marks): Write the equation for the formation of the white precipitate in this test. Include state symbols. (2)
October 2020, AS Unit 2, Q14(b) (4 marks): The concentration of a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide can be determined by titration. 25.0 cm3 portions of a saturated solution of calcium hydroxide we
October 2020, AS Unit 2, Q14(c) (2 marks): The experiment was repeated using the same hydrochloric acid with a saturated solution of magnesium hydroxide. Explain the difference (if any) in the mean titre
October 2020, AS Unit 3, Q1(a) (2 marks): Identify, by name or formula, the two gases formed. (2)
October 2020, AS Unit 3, Q1(b) (1 mark): Identify, by name or formula, the anion present in A. (1)
October 2020, AS Unit 3, Q1(c) (1 mark): A flame test was carried out on A and a green colour was observed. Identify, by name or formula, the cation present in A. (1)
October 2020, AS Unit 3, Q1(d) (2 marks): Give the formula of solid A and the formula of the white solid formed on heating. (2) Solid A White solid
October 2020, AS Unit 3, Q1(e) (2 marks): About 5 cm3 of an aqueous solution of A was placed in each of two test tubes. Five drops of aqueous sodium hydroxide were added to one of the test tubes and fiv
October 2020, AS Unit 3, Q2(b) (6 marks): To identify the cations in sodium chloride and potassium carbonate, a student carried out flame tests using the following method. Step 1 A sample of solid sodi
October 2020, AS Unit 3, Q5(b) (2 marks): Methyl orange indicator was used in this titration. Give the colour change in the conical flask at the end-point. (2) Colour change from to
October 2020, AS Unit 3, Q5(c)(i) (1 mark): Complete the table. (1)
October 2020, AS Unit 3, Q5(c)(ii) (1 mark): Using appropriate titrations, calculate the mean titre. (1)
October 2020, AS Unit 3, Q5(c)(iii) (1 mark): Using your answer to (c)(ii), calculate the number of moles of HCl in the mean titre. (1)
October 2020, AS Unit 3, Q5(c)(iv) (2 marks): Calculate the number of moles of M2CO3 in 25.0 cm3 of the solution. Hence calculate the number of moles of M2CO3 in the 250.0 cm3 volumetric flask. (2)
October 2020, AS Unit 3, Q5(c)(v) (1 mark): Using your answer in (c)(iv) and the mass of M2CO3.10H2O in the 250 cm3 of solution, calculate the molar mass of M2CO3.10H2O. (1)
October 2020, AS Unit 3, Q5(c)(vi) (2 marks): Use your answer to (c)(v) to identify metal M. (2)
January 2020, AS Unit 2, Q7 (1 mark): Going from calcium to barium in Group 2, which property changes as stated? A ionic radius decreases B first ionisation energy decreases C melting temperature in
January 2020, AS Unit 2, Q8 (1 mark): The properties of Group 2 compounds change down the group from magnesium to barium. Which statement is correct? A solubility of Group 2 sulfates increases B sol
January 2020, AS Unit 2, Q15(d)(i) (2 marks): Calculate the amount, in moles, of sodium carbonate in the 250.0 cm3 of solution. (2)
January 2020, AS Unit 3, Q1(a)(ii) (2 marks): Name a test, with the expected observation, to confirm the presence of the sodium ion in these compounds. (2) Test Observation
January 2020, AS Unit 3, Q1(b)(i) (2 marks): Barium chloride solution and hydrochloric acid were added to separate aqueous solutions of ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate. State what would be seen for e
January 2020, AS Unit 3, Q1(b)(ii) (2 marks): Give a test, with the expected result, to confirm the presence of the +) in the ammonium compounds. ammonium ion (NH4 (2) Test Result
January 2020, AS Unit 3, Q3(a) (2 marks): The indicator used was methyl orange. State the colour change at the end-point. (2) From to
January 2020, AS Unit 3, Q3(b)(i) (2 marks): Complete the table and, using appropriate titrations, calculate the mean titre. (2)
January 2020, AS Unit 3, Q3(b)(ii) (5 marks): Calculate the percentage purity, by mass, of the sodium carbonate. (5)
June 2019, AS Unit 1, Q9 (1 mark): Which sketch graph shows the trend in first ionisation energy values going down Group 1 in the Periodic Table? First ionisation A energy Atomic number First ion
June 2019, AS Unit 2, Q8 (1 mark): Which of these sulfates is the least soluble in water? A CaSO4 B BaSO4 C K2SO4 D Rb2SO4
June 2019, AS Unit 2, Q15(a) (1 mark): What is the white solid, X? (1) A lithium chloride B calcium chloride C strontium bromide D barium bromide
June 2019, AS Unit 2, Q15(b) (1 mark): What causes the flame colour to be red? (1) A electrons absorb blue and green light as they are promoted B electrons emit red light as they are promoted C blue
June 2019, AS Unit 2, Q20(b)(iii) (4 marks): Explain the trend in thermal stability of Group 2 carbonates. (4)
June 2019, AS Unit 2, Q23(d)(i) (2 marks): Phenolphthalein is a suitable indicator for this titration. State the colour change at the end-point. (2)
June 2019, AS Unit 2, Q23(d)(ii) (2 marks): Suggest two possible reasons why the titre for Run 1 is greater than the other two titres. (2)
June 2019, AS Unit 2, Q23(d)(iii) (5 marks): The equation for the reaction of propanoic acid with sodium hydroxide is CH3CH2COOH + NaOH → CH3CH2COONa + H2O Calculate the mass in grams of propanoic acid ext
June 2019, AS Unit 3, Q1(b) (6 marks): Complete the table, giving a chemical test, not involving indicators, and its result for each of the products of the decomposition of ammonium carbonate. (6) Pr
June 2019, AS Unit 3, Q1(c) (1 mark): Complete the diagram to show how you would collect the carbon dioxide obtained by heating ammonium carbonate, using another test tube as the only additional app
June 2019, AS Unit 3, Q1(d)(i) (2 marks): About 1 cm3 of barium chloride solution was added to 5 cm3 of the ammonium carbonate solution (2)
June 2019, AS Unit 3, Q1(d)(ii) (2 marks): About 5 cm3 of hydrochloric acid was added to the mixture from (i) (2)
June 2019, AS Unit 3, Q4(a) (1 mark): State what is meant by the term ‘concordant results’. (1)
June 2019, AS Unit 3, Q4(b) (1 mark): Using appropriate titres, calculate the mean titre. (1)
June 2019, AS Unit 3, Q4(c) (2 marks): State the colour change at the endpoint of the titration. (2) From to
June 2019, AS Unit 3, Q4(d) (4 marks): The equation for the reaction is NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) Calculate the purity of the sodium hydroxide, NaOH, as a percentage by mass. (4)

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