Lattice energy: Edexcel International A Level Chemistry questions

Every Edexcel International A Level Chemistry exam question on 12B Lattice energy (specification points 12.12–12.19), 2019–2025, with its mark scheme and examiner’s report.

All 64 questions on Lattice energy, as a list

June 2025, Unit 4, Q19(c)(i) (2 marks): Explain what is meant by the term enthalpy change of hydration. (2)
June 2025, Unit 4, Q19(c)(ii) (1 mark): Complete the Hess cycle by filling in the empty boxes. (1) Sum of ∆hydH Lattice energy Cu2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) ∆solH
June 2025, Unit 4, Q19(c)(iii) (1 mark): Complete the expression for the enthalpy change of solution using the enthalpy changes of hydration and lattice energy. (1) ΔsolH =
June 2025, Unit 4, Q19(c)(iv) (2 marks): The lattice energy of copper(II) chloride is −2811 kJ mol−1. Use this value, the data in the table, and your expression in (c)(iii) to calculate the enthalpy ch
June 2025, Unit 4, Q19(c)(v) (2 marks): The enthalpy change of hydration of Cu+ is −593 kJ mol–1. Explain why the hydration enthalpy of Cu+ is much less exothermic than Cu2+. (2)
January 2025, Unit 4, Q6 (1 mark): Which equation represents the standard enthalpy change of atomisation of iodine? A ½I2(s) → I(g) B ½I2(g) → I(g) C I2(s) → 2I(g) D I2(g) → 2I(g)
January 2025, Unit 4, Q7 (1 mark): Which equation represents the second electron affinity of oxygen? A O–(g) + e– → O2–(g) B O(g) + 2e– → O2–(g) C O+(g) → O2+(g) + e– D O(g) → O2+(g) + 2e–
January 2025, Unit 4, Q8 (1 mark): Which compound has the greatest covalent character? A CaBr2 B CaI2 C MgBr2 D MgI2 Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will ga
January 2025, Unit 4, Q19(d) (3 marks): The enthalpy change of solution, ∆solH , of sodium hydrogencarbonate is +18.6 kJ mol−1 . Sketch the enthalpy level diagram to show the relationship between the
October 2024, Unit 4, Q20(c)(i) (1 mark): Complete the Hess Cycle shown by adding appropriate formulae, with state symbols, to the empty boxes. (1) lattice energy standard enthalpy standard enthalpy cha
October 2024, Unit 4, Q20(c)(ii) (3 marks): Calculate the standard enthalpy change of hydration of chloride ions, ΔhydH [Cl–(g)] , using the cycle and data in (c)(i) and your answer to (b). [If you did no
October 2024, Unit 4, Q20(d)(i) (2 marks): Give two assumptions used in theoretical calculations of lattice energy. (2)
October 2024, Unit 4, Q20(d)(ii) (3 marks): Explain the difference between the theoretical and experimental values for the lattice energy of magnesium chloride, MgCl2(s). (3)
June 2024, Unit 4, Q2 (1 mark): Some data on lattice energies are shown. Experimental lattice energy / Theoretical lattice energy / Compound kJ mol–1 kJ mol–1 NaI –705 –687 AgBr –891 –816 Rb2S
June 2024, Unit 4, Q3(a) (1 mark): Which of these statements is true? (1) A the enthalpy change of formation of lead(II) nitrate is –2151 kJ mol–1 B the enthalpy change of solution of lead(II) ni
June 2024, Unit 4, Q3(b) (1 mark): Using the enthalpy cycle, it can be calculated that the enthalpy change of hydration of a nitrate ion, in kJ mol–1, is (1) A –3598 B –1799 C –628 D –314
January 2024, Unit 4, Q17(a)(i) (3 marks): Complete the Born–Haber cycle for magnesium chloride by adding labels for each of the four energy changes and writing formulae in the two empty boxes. (3) Mg2+(
January 2024, Unit 4, Q17(a)(ii) (2 marks): Calculate a value for the electron affinity of chlorine, in kJ mol–1, using the data in the table and the completed Born–Haber cycle. (2)
January 2024, Unit 4, Q17(a)(iii) (2 marks): Explain why, when magnesium reacts with chlorine, MgCl2 is formed rather than MgCl3. (2)
January 2024, Unit 4, Q17(a)(iv) (2 marks): Calculate the standard molar enthalpy change of solution of magnesium chloride, in kJ mol–1, using the data shown and the value for the lattice energy, LE[MgCl2
January 2024, Unit 4, Q17(b) (6 marks): Lattice energies from the Born–Haber cycle are based on experimental values. Theoretical lattice energies can also be calculated. Experimental and theoretical v
October 2023, Unit 4, Q5(a) (1 mark): The enthalpy change of hydration of the calcium ion is –1650 kJ mol–1. What is the enthalpy change of hydration, in kJ mol–1, of the chloride ion? (1) A –728 B
October 2023, Unit 4, Q5(b) (1 mark): Why is the enthalpy change of hydration for magnesium ions more exothermic than that for calcium ions? (1) A magnesium ions have a larger radius B magnesium ion
June 2023, Unit 4, Q17(a) (1 mark): State the value of the ΔatH for calcium. (1)
June 2023, Unit 4, Q17(b) (2 marks): Calculate the enthalpy change of formation for calcium chloride. (2)
June 2023, Unit 4, Q17(c) (4 marks): Some energy data are shown. Theoretical lattice energy Experimental lattice energy Compound / kJ mol–1 / kJ mol–1 CaCl2 –2223 –2258 CaI2 –1905 –2074 Explain why
June 2023, Unit 4, Q17(d)(i) (2 marks): Complete the energy cycle including labelled arrows. (2) ΔsolH Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) CaCl2(s)
June 2023, Unit 4, Q17(d)(ii) (2 marks): Calculate the enthalpy change of solution, ΔsolH, for calcium chloride using the data given and the completed energy cycle in (d)(i). (2) Data Energy change / k
January 2023, Unit 4, Q7(a) (1 mark): Which energy change in the cycle does y represent? (1) A the first electron affinity of oxygen B the second electron affinity of oxygen C the sum of the first a
January 2023, Unit 4, Q7(b) (1 mark): Which expression gives the enthalpy change of formation of sodium oxide, ΔfH? (1) A ΔfH = v + w + x – y – z B ΔfH = v + w + x + y – z C ΔfH = v + w + x – y + z
January 2023, Unit 4, Q8 (1 mark): An ionic compound is found to have some degree of covalent bonding. What will be the cause of the covalency and how will the lattice energy obtained from a Born
October 2022, Unit 4, Q3(a) (1 mark): Which of the following statements is not true? (1) A the lattice energy of strontium iodide is exothermic B the first electron affinity of iodine is −295 kJ mol
October 2022, Unit 4, Q3(b) (1 mark): Using the Born–Haber cycle, it can be calculated that the standard enthalpy change of atomisation of iodine, in kJ mol−1 , is (1) A +542 B +271 C +214 D +107
October 2022, Unit 4, Q3(c) (1 mark): Theoretical lattice energies are calculated assuming only ionic bonding is present. Which of these is most likely to be the theoretical lattice energy of stront
October 2022, Unit 4, Q4 (1 mark): Which of these statements is true? A the enthalpy change of hydration of an ion is always negative B the enthalpy change of solution of an ionic compound is alw
June 2022, Unit 4, Q15 (1 mark): Experimental lattice energy values determined using the Born‑Haber cycle often differ from calculated theoretical values. The ionic radii and charges of some io
June 2022, Unit 4, Q16(b)(i) (1 mark): Complete the Hess cycle by filling in the empty box. (1) +(g) + Cl−(g) NH4 Lattice ΔhydH energy NH4Cl(s) ΔsolH
June 2022, Unit 4, Q16(b)(ii) (1 mark): Complete the expression for the enthalpy change of solution using the hydration enthalpies and lattice energy. (1) ΔsolH =
June 2022, Unit 4, Q16(b)(iii) (2 marks): Calculate the enthalpy change of solution, using your expression in (b)(ii) and these data. + = −307 kJ mol−1 Enthalpy change of hydration of NH4 Enthalpy chang
June 2022, Unit 4, Q16(b)(iv) (3 marks): A student suggested that the enthalpy change of solution of ammonium bromide would be of a similar magnitude to the enthalpy change of solution of ammonium chlo
June 2022, Unit 4, Q21(c)(i) (3 marks): Complete the Born‑Haber cycle by putting letters in the boxes to label the energy changes. (3) Fe2+(g) + O2−(g) Fe2+(g) + O(g) Fe2+(g) + ½O2(g) Fe2+(g) + O−(g)
June 2022, Unit 4, Q21(c)(ii) (2 marks): Calculate the value for second ionisation energy of iron, C. (2)
June 2022, Unit 4, Q21(c)(iii) (2 marks): Suggest why the second electron affinity of oxygen is positive. (2)
January 2022, Unit 4, Q1(a) (1 mark): The enthalpy change of atomisation of iodine (+107 kJ mol–1) is given by the equation (1) A ½I2(g) → I(g) B ½I2(s) → I(g) C I2(g) → 2I(g) D I2(s) → 2I(g)
January 2022, Unit 4, Q1(b) (1 mark): Use the information in the cycle to calculate the electron affinity of iodine. (1) A –298 kJ mol–1 B –242 kJ mol–1 C +242 kJ mol–1 D +298 kJ mol–1
January 2022, Unit 4, Q2 (1 mark): Some energy changes are given in the table. Value / kJ mol–1 Energy change Lattice energy for CaCl2(s) –2258 Enthalpy change of solution of CaCl2(s) –120 Enthal
October 2021, Unit 4, Q7(a) (1 mark): Which of these is the electron affinity of chlorine? (1) A y B y/2 C (w + y) D (w + y)/2
October 2021, Unit 4, Q7(b) (1 mark): Which expression gives the lattice energy (LE) for magnesium chloride? (1) A LE = u − (v + w + x + y) B LE = v + w + x + y − u C LE = y − u − (v + w + x) D LE =
October 2021, Unit 4, Q7(c) (1 mark): Which energy change in the cycle does x represent? (1) A the first ionisation energy of magnesium B the second ionisation energy of magnesium C the sum of the f
June 2021, Unit 4, Q3 (1 mark): The enthalpy change of solution of sodium sulfate, Na2SO4 , may be calculated using three pieces of data. Which of these pieces of data is not required? A latti
June 2021, Unit 4, Q18 (6 marks): The table shows the theoretical and experimental (Born-Haber) lattice energy data for * two metal halide compounds, sodium chloride and magnesium iodide. Lattic
January 2021, Unit 4, Q3 (1 mark): Which equation represents the standard enthalpy change of atomisation, ¨atH , of bromine? A ½ Br2(l) → Br(g) B Br2(l) → 2Br(g) C ½ Br2(g) → Br(g) D Br2(g) → 2Br
January 2021, Unit 4, Q4(a) (1 mark): Which of these compounds would be expected to have the least exothermic lattice energy? (1) A calcium chloride B magnesium chloride C potassium bromide D sodium
January 2021, Unit 4, Q4(b) (1 mark): Which of these compounds would be expected to have the largest difference between their experimental (Born–Haber) and theoretical lattice energies? (1) A calciu
October 2020, Unit 4, Q16(a)(i) (4 marks): Complete the Born-Haber cycle by writing appropriate chemical formulae on the horizontal lines. Include state symbols and relevant electrons. (4) ∆H5 ∆H6 Ca2+(g
October 2020, Unit 4, Q16(a)(ii) (3 marks): Calculate the second ionisation energy of calcium using the cycle and the values given in the table. Include a sign and units with your value. (3)
October 2020, Unit 4, Q16(b) (3 marks): The theoretical lattice energy of formation of CaCl2 is −2 223 kJ mol−1. Explain why the experimental lattice energy of CaCl2 is more exothermic than the theore
October 2020, Unit 4, Q16(c) (3 marks): The table shows the theoretical lattice energies of some chlorides of Group 2. magnesium calcium strontium barium Group 2 metal chloride chloride chloride chlor
October 2020, Unit 4, Q16(d) (2 marks): Calculate the enthalpy change of solution of calcium chloride, CaCl2. Data ∆hyd H (Ca2+) = −1 650 kJ mol−1 ∆hyd H (Cl−) = −364 kJ mol−1 Experimental lattice ene
January 2020, Unit 4, Q9 (1 mark): What does X represent on the diagram? Li+(g) + Cl–(g) X LiCl(s) Li+(aq) + Cl–(aq) A sum of enthalpy changes of hydration of the gaseous ions B enthalpy change o
January 2020, Unit 4, Q19(b)(i) (3 marks): Complete the Born-Haber cycle by adding letters in the boxes for the energy changes, relevant species on the blank lines and arrowheads to show the direction of
January 2020, Unit 4, Q19(b)(ii) (2 marks): Use the data to calculate the value for the enthalpy change of formation of calcium iodide. (2)
January 2020, Unit 4, Q19(b)(iii) (4 marks): The value for the lattice energy of calcium iodide determined experimentally by using the Born-Haber cycle differs significantly from the theoretical calculated
January 2020, Unit 4, Q19(c) (3 marks): The electron affinity of iodine is –295.4 kJ mol–1. Explain how the electron affinity of chlorine differs from that of iodine. (3)

Questions, mark schemes and examiner’s reports are © Pearson Edexcel, from their published past papers. Plumi isn’t affiliated with any exam board. Want whole papers? Every Edexcel International A Level Chemistry paper.

Rather write your answers by hand on iPad? Plumi marks them against the same mark schemes.

4,117 questions