Proteins and enzymes: Edexcel International A Level Biology questions

Every Edexcel International A Level Biology exam question on Proteins and enzymes (specification points 2.6–2.8), 2019–2025, with its mark scheme and examiner’s report.

All 145 questions on Proteins and enzymes, as a list

June 2025, AS Unit 1, Q7(a) (2 marks): The interaction between enzyme and substrate can be improved by changing the properties of the active site. Explain what determines the properties of an active
June 2025, AS Unit 1, Q7(b)(i) (3 marks): Some types of plastic break down at higher temperatures. These temperatures are too high for some enzymes to be active. Explain why some enzymes cannot function
June 2025, AS Unit 1, Q7(b)(ii) (2 marks): Changing the bonding in the enzyme can make it more stable at higher temperatures. Suggest why changing the bonding could enable enzymes to work at higher tempe
June 2025, AS Unit 1, Q7(b)(iii) (2 marks): Suggest why changing the bonding could affect the binding of the plastics to the active site of the enzyme. (2)
June 2025, AS Unit 1, Q7(c)(i) (2 marks): Suggest how a larger active site could increase the rate of breakdown of plastic. (2)
June 2025, AS Unit 1, Q7(c)(ii) (1 mark): Suggest why an enzyme with a larger active site may be less active. (1)
June 2025, AS Unit 1, Q7(d) (2 marks): One way of improving the activity of an enzyme is to link it to a different enzyme. The diagram shows two different enzymes linked together. enzyme 1 enzyme 2 E
January 2025, AS Unit 1, Q1(c) (1 mark): The diagram shows parts of two amino acids. Complete the diagram to show a peptide bond joining these two amino acids. (1) R R O H N C C C H OH H H peptide bond
January 2025, Unit 5, Q1(a)(i) (2 marks): Complete the diagram to show the molecules formed when these two amino acids join together. (2) R H R H + HO C C N H HO C C N H O H O H
January 2025, Unit 5, Q1(a)(ii) (1 mark): Which is the type of reaction that joins these two molecules together? (1) A condensation B decarboxylation C hydrolysis D phosphorylation
January 2025, Unit 5, Q8(h) (2 marks): Explain one reason why some people are not able to tolerate cow’s milk (paragraphs 30 and 31). (2)
January 2025, Unit 6, Q1(c) (3 marks): Copper ions (Cu2+) can inhibit the enzymes involved in the hatching of brine shrimps. Describe how copper ions could inhibit enzyme activity. (3)
October 2024, AS Unit 1, Q2(b) (1 mark): Which of the following statements about the structure of haemoglobin are correct? 1. It is a fibrous protein 2. It has quaternary structure 3. It contains a
October 2024, AS Unit 1, Q6(b) (1 mark): The extent to which soybeans reduce cholesterol depends on the variety of soybeans. This reduction is influenced by two proteins found in soybeans, glycinin and
October 2024, AS Unit 1, Q6(c)(i) (2 marks): Explain why the scientists used digested soybeans to make the extract for this investigation. (2)
October 2024, AS Unit 1, Q6(c)(ii) (1 mark): Suggest why the soybean flour was incubated with different enzymes in steps 2 and 3. (1)
October 2024, AS Unit 1, Q6(c)(iii) (2 marks): Explain why the soybean flour and enzymes were incubated at 37 °C for 2 hours in steps 2 and 3. (2) 37 °C 2 hours
October 2024, AS Unit 1, Q6(d) (3 marks): The soybean peptides, at different concentrations, were incubated with the liver cells growing in culture. The enzyme HMGCR is involved in the synthesis of chol
October 2024, AS Unit 3, Q1(c)(i) (1 mark): Calculate the initial rate of reaction for 30°C shown in the graph. (1) Answer mg min–1
October 2024, AS Unit 3, Q1(c)(iii) (2 marks): Give two reasons why the initial rate of reaction was measured. (2) 1 2
October 2024, Unit 5, Q8(b) (3 marks): Suggest why the protein beta‑amyloid from the fatty membranes surrounding nerve cells ‘is chemically sticky, gradually clumping together’ (Paragraph 7). Use you
June 2024, AS Unit 1, Q1(a) (1 mark): Enzyme molecules are formed from chains of amino acids joined together. Which pair of elements is found in all amino acids? (1) A carbon and oxygen B carbon and
June 2024, AS Unit 1, Q1(b) (1 mark): Which row of the table describes how two amino acids are joined together in an enzyme molecule? (1) Name of bond Reaction that forms the bond A ester condensati
June 2024, AS Unit 1, Q1(c) (3 marks): Describe how a chain of amino acids can form an enzyme molecule. (3)
June 2024, AS Unit 1, Q6(b)(ii) (2 marks): Explain why this amylase is able to break only 1–4 glycosidic bonds. (2)
June 2024, AS Unit 3, Q1(a) (2 marks): Explain why, in step 1, it is important to cut the squid meat into equal sized pieces. (2)
June 2024, AS Unit 3, Q1(d)(ii) (2 marks): State two conclusions that can be made from the data shown in the graph. (2) 1 2
June 2024, AS Unit 3, Q1(e) (4 marks): Describe a method for estimating the soluble protein concentration in the beakers in step 4. (4)
January 2024, AS Unit 3, Q3(a)(i) (1 mark): Name a reagent that can produce a semi‑quantitative test for protein. (1)
January 2024, AS Unit 3, Q3(a)(ii) (1 mark): State the colour change that occurs when this reagent is added to a protein solution. (1)
January 2024, AS Unit 3, Q3(a)(iii) (1 mark): A semi‑quantitative test was used to estimate the protein concentration in a solution. A set of standards was produced using dilutions of egg white containing p
January 2024, AS Unit 3, Q3(a)(iv) (2 marks): Suggest how this investigation could be adapted to increase the accuracy of the estimate. (2)
January 2024, AS Unit 3, Q3(b)(iii) (3 marks): Comment on the effects of both heating temperature and the length of time heated on the protein content of the animal feed. Use the graph and your calculation i
January 2024, AS Unit 3, Q3(b)(iv) (6 marks): This process preserves the animal feed because it kills bacteria. The process involves heating for a period of time, the heating temperature and the addition of
January 2024, Unit 5, Q8(h) (3 marks): Whey and egg protein are often used to supplement protein‑poor diets. Explain why diets rich in these proteins may not be ideal for the prolonged treatment of s
January 2024, Unit 6, Q2(b) (2 marks): Explain how changes in temperature could affect the rate of growth of pollen tubes. (2)
October 2023, AS Unit 1, Q2(a)(i) (1 mark): Which arrow shows the activation energy for this reaction? (1) A P B Q C R D S
October 2023, AS Unit 1, Q2(a)(ii) (1 mark): Which row of the table shows the molecule present at time Y and time Z on this graph? (1) Time Y Time Z A product monophenol reactant o‑diphenol B product o‑dip
October 2023, AS Unit 1, Q2(a)(iii) (1 mark): Which row of the table shows how the length of the arrows P and Q on this graph would change when polyphenol oxidase is present? (1) Change in length of arrow P
October 2023, AS Unit 1, Q2(b)(i) (2 marks): Calculate the rate of reaction at 3 minutes. Draw a tangent to help with your calculation. (2) Answer mmol dm–3 min–1
October 2023, AS Unit 1, Q2(b)(ii) (2 marks): This reaction was carried out below the optimum temperature for the enzyme. Explain what would happen to the shape of this curve if the temperature was increase
October 2023, AS Unit 1, Q7(c)(ii) (2 marks): The lower pH inside the cell causes the LDL to separate from its receptor. Suggest how a change in pH could cause this separation. (2)
October 2023, Unit 4, Q6(b)(i) (3 marks): There was a positive correlation between temperature and length of young lizards. This could be due to enzyme activity. Explain this correlation. (3)
October 2023, Unit 6, Q1(c) (3 marks): Vitamin C promotes the production of collagen to help the repair of human connective tissues. Describe the structure of a collagen molecule. (3)
June 2023, AS Unit 1, Q5(c)(iii) (2 marks): Thrombin slowly splits variegin into two molecules. Explain how thrombin splits variegin. (2)
June 2023, AS Unit 1, Q6(a) (1 mark): How many of the following statements are true for proteins? • Proteins contain only the elements carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. • Proteins can be made of more t
January 2023, AS Unit 1, Q2(a) (3 marks): Describe the structure of collagen. (3)
January 2023, AS Unit 1, Q2(b)(i) (2 marks): Calculate the rate of reaction at 30 minutes. Draw a tangent to help with your calculation. (2) Answer nmol dm–3 min–1
January 2023, AS Unit 1, Q2(b)(ii) (3 marks): Explain how a protease breaks down elastin. (3)
January 2023, Unit 4, Q6(a) (1 mark): Which describes an enzyme in a living organism? (1) A inorganic substance that decreases activation energy B inorganic substance that increases activation energ
January 2023, Unit 4, Q6(b)(i) (1 mark): Name the type of scale that has been used on the y axis. (1)
January 2023, Unit 4, Q6(b)(iii) (3 marks): The body temperature of a fish changes with the temperature of its surroundings. Explain why the survival time of fish is reduced at temperatures lower and high
January 2023, Unit 4, Q6(c)(i) (3 marks): Calculate the Q10 for this enzyme stored for 3 hours. Use the formula Q10 = R ( t +10 ) R t where Rt is the initial rate of reaction at 20 °C. (3) Answer
January 2023, Unit 4, Q6(c)(ii) (3 marks): Explain why the optimum temperature for this enzyme is affected by storage time. (3)
January 2023, Unit 4, Q8(a)(ii) (3 marks): The diagram shows this polyprotein and the function of some of the individual proteins it contains. The arrows indicate where the individual proteins need to be
October 2022, AS Unit 1, Q4(a) (2 marks): State the meaning of the term biological catalyst. (2)
October 2022, AS Unit 1, Q4(b) (1 mark): The graph shows the energy changes during an enzyme catalysed reaction. Energy Q R S P Time Which arrow shows the energy required to start the reaction? (1) A P
October 2022, AS Unit 1, Q4(c) (3 marks): The diagram shows a series of chemical reactions. E1 E2 E3 A + B AB AC D Three different enzymes, E1, E2 and E3, are involved in these reactions. Explain why E1
October 2022, AS Unit 1, Q4(d) (2 marks): Pectinase is an enzyme that breaks down pectin. The effect of different combinations of pH and temperature on pectinase activity was investigated. The volume an
October 2022, AS Unit 1, Q7(a) (1 mark): The connecting region is removed from proinsulin, leaving the A chain connected to the B chain by disulfide bridges ( S S ). Which row of the table shows the po
October 2022, AS Unit 1, Q7(b)(i) (1 mark): What percentage of proinsulin is the connecting region? (1) Answer %
October 2022, AS Unit 1, Q7(b)(ii) (1 mark): There are three disulfide bridges in insulin. Each disulfide bridge is formed between the R groups of two cysteine amino acids. Give the ratio of amino acids fo
October 2022, AS Unit 1, Q7(c) (2 marks): Suggest how insulin is synthesised from proinsulin. Use the information in the diagram to support your answer. (2)
October 2022, AS Unit 3, Q2(a)(i) (1 mark): Name the bond between amino acids that is broken by this enzyme. (1)
October 2022, AS Unit 3, Q2(a)(ii) (1 mark): Name the process that breaks the bond between amino acids. (1)
October 2022, AS Unit 3, Q2(b)(i) (1 mark): Complete the table by calculating the initial rate of reaction when a 3.0% concentration of casein was used. (1)
October 2022, AS Unit 3, Q2(b)(iii) (1 mark): Calculate how many times faster the initial rate of reaction is for a casein concentration of 2.0% than a casein concentration of 0.5%. Give your answer to 2 si
October 2022, AS Unit 3, Q2(b)(iv) (3 marks): Explain the shape of the graph you have plotted in (ii). (3)
October 2022, AS Unit 3, Q2(c)(ii) (3 marks): Determine which of these extracts is most useful for preventing apple juice from going brown. (3)
October 2022, Unit 4, Q5(a)(i) (1 mark): Calculate the mean molecular mass of an amino acid in albumin. Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures. (1) Answer daltons
October 2022, Unit 4, Q5(a)(ii) (2 marks): Explain why albumin is soluble in blood plasma. (2)
October 2022, Unit 4, Q5(b)(i) (1 mark): Protein G has a concentration in blood plasma in the range 0.700 g dm–3 to 1.700 g dm–3. Albumin has a concentration in blood plasma in the range 0.525 g dm–3 t
October 2022, Unit 4, Q5(b)(ii) (3 marks): Describe the conclusions that can be made about albumin, compared with the other four proteins present in blood plasma. Use the information in the diagram to su
June 2022, AS Unit 1, Q3(a) (1 mark): What type of molecule is pectinase? (1) A disaccharide B polysaccharide C protein D triglyceride
June 2022, AS Unit 1, Q3(b) (2 marks): Explain why enzymes are described as biological catalysts. (2)
June 2022, AS Unit 1, Q3(c)(i) (1 mark): Calculate the effect on the rate of reaction of each degree increase in temperature between 46 °C and 50 °C. Give your answer to two significant figures. (1) An
June 2022, AS Unit 1, Q3(c)(ii) (1 mark): State why there is a decrease in the rate of reaction above the optimum temperature. (1)
June 2022, AS Unit 1, Q5(a)(i) (2 marks): Describe two structural features of insoluble fibrous proteins. (2) 1 2
June 2022, AS Unit 1, Q5(a)(ii) (3 marks): Keratin contains a high proportion of the amino acid, cysteine. Disulfide bridges form between the R groups of two cysteines. The diagram shows the R group of c
June 2022, AS Unit 1, Q5(b)(i) (2 marks): Describe the secondary structure of a polypeptide. (2)
June 2022, AS Unit 1, Q5(b)(ii) (4 marks): Explain the results of this investigation. (4)
June 2022, AS Unit 3, Q1(b)(ii) (2 marks): Explain why changes in temperature will affect this investigation. (2)
January 2022, AS Unit 1, Q5(a)(i) (3 marks): Describe the structure of collagen. (3)
January 2022, AS Unit 1, Q8(a)(iii) (3 marks): The amino acid Glu is hydrophilic (polar) and the amino acid Val is hydrophobic (non‑polar). Suggest why this mutation causes haemoglobin molecules to stick tog
January 2022, Unit 4, Q2(b)(i) (1 mark): Which row of the table describes the bonds that form between amino acids in a protein? (1) Name of bond Parts of the amino acid that the bond forms between A pe
October 2021, AS Unit 1, Q4(a)(ii) (1 mark): Which row of the table describes how amino acids are joined together to form a protein? (1) name of bond type of reaction A ester condensation B ester hydrolysi
October 2021, AS Unit 1, Q4(b)(iii) (2 marks): The blood flowing through the sinuses of the butterfly is separated from the organs by collagen. Describe the structure of collagen. (2)
October 2021, AS Unit 3, Q1(a)(i) (2 marks): Describe how you could test for protein in this filtrate. (2)
October 2021, AS Unit 3, Q1(a)(ii) (3 marks): Describe how the filtrates should have been prepared to allow a valid comparison of the protein content of these foods. (3)
October 2021, AS Unit 3, Q1(a)(iii) (2 marks): Protein solutions of concentrations from 0.0 to 10.0 mg cm−3 were tested using a semi-quantitative method. The results of the test are shown in the diagram. 0.0
October 2021, AS Unit 3, Q1(a)(iv) (2 marks): Explain how the results shown in the diagram can be used to compare the protein concentrations of food extracts. (2)
October 2021, AS Unit 3, Q1(b)(i) (2 marks): Use the information in the table to calculate the ratio of the protein content of soya beans to that of milk. Give your answer to one decimal place. (2) Answer
October 2021, AS Unit 3, Q1(b)(ii) (1 mark): Some of the total nitrogen content of a food is not due to protein. Give one other type of organic molecule that contains nitrogen. (1)
October 2021, AS Unit 3, Q3(a)(ii) (3 marks): One of the variables that needs to be controlled in this investigation is pH. Describe how a suitable pH could be decided on experimentally. (3)
October 2021, AS Unit 3, Q3(b)(ii) (4 marks): Explain the relationship shown in the results of this investigation. (4)
October 2021, AS Unit 3, Q3(c)(i) (2 marks): This investigation was criticised because it does not measure the initial rate of reaction. Explain why it would be better to measure the initial rate of reacti
October 2021, AS Unit 3, Q3(c)(ii) (3 marks): Suggest how the initial rate of reaction could be measured in this investigation. (3)
October 2021, Unit 5, Q6(d) (3 marks): T lymphocytes produce different types of cytokine. Some of these cytokines activate T killer cells and some activate B cells. Explain why different cytokines ca
October 2021, Unit 5, Q8(e) (3 marks): Suggest how gingipains may have a degrading effect on the memory of a person suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (paragraph 12). (3)
October 2021, Unit 6, Q4(a) (3 marks): Describe preliminary practical work that you might undertake to ensure your proposed method would provide quantitative results. (3)
October 2021, Unit 6, Q4(b) (8 marks): Devise a detailed method, including how you would control and monitor important variables. (8)
October 2021, Unit 6, Q4(d) (3 marks): Suggest three limitations of your proposed method. (3)
June 2021, AS Unit 1, Q8(b) (4 marks): Explain the role of the primary structure in determining the properties of the protein labelled in the diagram. (4)
June 2021, Unit 6, Q1(c) (3 marks): Calcium ions can bind to some enzymes. Explain how the presence of calcium ions can affect the time taken for brine shrimp eggs to hatch. (3)
January 2021, AS Unit 1, Q4(a)(ii) (2 marks): Explain the properties of amino acids located on the outer surface of the haemoglobin, for example at position Q. (2)
January 2021, AS Unit 1, Q4(b)(ii) (2 marks): The structures of adult and fetal haemoglobin are different. The diagram shows the structure of adult and fetal haemoglobin. α chain β chain α chain γ chain β c
January 2021, AS Unit 1, Q8(a)(ii) (3 marks): Explain how the three-dimensional structure of lactase affects the mechanism of action of this enzyme. (3)
January 2021, AS Unit 1, Q8(b)(i) (1 mark): Suggest one advantage of using immobilised lactase. (1)
January 2021, AS Unit 1, Q8(b)(ii) (4 marks): The table shows the effect of pH on the activity of free lactase and immobilised lactase. Activity of free Activity of pH lactase immobilised lactase / a.u. / a
January 2021, AS Unit 1, Q8(b)(iii) (2 marks): Suggest how the rate of activity of the lactase could be measured. Include appropriate units in your answer. (2)
January 2021, Unit 4, Q8(a)(i) (2 marks): Sketch the graph for enzyme activity plotted against temperature for this enzyme. Use the data from this investigation. (2) Enzyme activity 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
January 2021, Unit 4, Q8(a)(ii) (4 marks): Calculate the Q10 for this enzyme, using the data from this investigation, shown in the first graph. Use the formula Q10 = Rt+10 Rt where Rt is the initial rate
October 2020, AS Unit 1, Q1(a) (5 marks): Read through the following account of the primary structure of a protein. (5) Complete the account by writing the most appropriate word or words on the dotted l
October 2020, AS Unit 1, Q1(b) (2 marks): The table describes the types of bond that hold the secondary and the three‑dimensional structures together. Which type of bonding is true for each structure? (
October 2020, AS Unit 1, Q7(c)(i) (2 marks): The diagrams show the structures of warfarin and vitamin K. O OH O O Warfarin O O Vitamin K Using the information in the diagrams, suggest why warfarin inhibits
October 2020, AS Unit 1, Q7(c)(ii) (2 marks): Suggest why people taking warfarin have to avoid eating foods that contain a high concentration of vitamin K. (2)
October 2020, AS Unit 3, Q2(a)(iii) (2 marks): Suggest why the temperature was kept at 25 °C. (2)
October 2020, AS Unit 3, Q2(a)(vi) (2 marks): Explain why the initial rate of this reaction was determined. (2)
October 2020, AS Unit 3, Q2(a)(vii) (3 marks): Suggest how the initial rate of this reaction could be determined. (3)
October 2020, AS Unit 3, Q2(b)(ii) (3 marks): Criticise the conclusion that 5.5 is the optimum pH for this enzyme. (3)
October 2020, AS Unit 3, Q2(c) (3 marks): Invertase is used in the food industry. Scientists wanted to increase the efficiency of the enzyme to save time and money. One way is to immobilise the enzyme b
October 2020, Unit 4, Q3(c)(i) (1 mark): Which row of the table describes how two amino acids join together? (1) Bond formed between Type of reaction A carbon and nitrogen condensation B carbon and nit
October 2020, Unit 4, Q3(c)(ii) (2 marks): Explain why amino acids cannot be produced from glucose alone. (2)
October 2020, Unit 4, Q5(b)(ii) (3 marks): Explain how the primary structure and the tertiary structure of holins determine the properties of these channel proteins. (3)
October 2020, Unit 4, Q8(b)(ii) (2 marks): Both the molecules on the membranes of the cells lining our intestines and the antigens on red blood cells have sugars attached to protein molecules. Bacteria l
October 2020, Unit 5, Q8(e) (4 marks): Explain how ‘a gene variant that produces a defective form of an enzyme’ reduces the effectiveness of clopidogrel (paragraph 16). (4)
January 2020, AS Unit 1, Q3(a)(i) (1 mark): The diagrams show symbols for lactase, lactose and the monosaccharides of lactose. lactase lactose monosaccharides Which diagram shows the sequence of events fo
January 2020, AS Unit 1, Q3(b) (1 mark): The graph shows the energy changes for the hydrolysis of lactose, with and without lactase. line P Q R Energy Course of reaction Which row in the table describe
January 2020, AS Unit 1, Q3(c)(i) (2 marks): Explain why substrate concentration affects the rate of reaction. (2)
January 2020, AS Unit 1, Q3(c)(ii) (2 marks): The reaction rate (V) at each substrate concentration can be calculated using the formula × V S = V max + K S Vmax is the maximum rate of reaction K is the subs
June 2019, AS Unit 1, Q8(a) (1 mark): Which of the following diagrams shows the R group only of AzPhe? (1) N3 A CH2 C N3 B CH2 N3 C CH2 D C H
June 2019, AS Unit 1, Q8(b)(i) (1 mark): Name the covalent bond that joins two amino acids in a condensation reaction. (1)
June 2019, AS Unit 1, Q8(b)(ii) (2 marks): Draw two circles on the diagram of AzPhe to show which parts of the molecule are lost when AzPhe joins to two other amino acids by condensation reactions. (2) N
June 2019, AS Unit 1, Q8(c)(i) (2 marks): Calculate the ratio of phenylalanine to AzPhe in this part of a modified silk molecule. (2) Answer
June 2019, AS Unit 1, Q8(c)(ii) (4 marks): The R group of phenylalanine is smaller than the R group of AzPhe. Suggest how inserting an amino acid with a larger R group could affect the properties of silk
June 2019, AS Unit 3, Q3(a)(i) (4 marks): Explain why the urease solution and the urea solution were kept in the water bath at 40 °C before and after being mixed. (4)
June 2019, AS Unit 3, Q3(a)(ii) (2 marks): Explain how you could determine suitable concentrations of urea and urease solutions to use in this investigation. (2)
June 2019, AS Unit 3, Q3(b)(ii) (2 marks): Calculate the rate of reaction at a pH of 7.3 during the first 15 minutes of this investigation. Include appropriate units with your answer. (2) Answer
June 2019, AS Unit 3, Q3(b)(iii) (3 marks): Compare and contrast the results shown in the graph at 60 minutes with those at 15 minutes. (3)
June 2019, AS Unit 3, Q3(c) (1 mark): In another investigation, the concentration of ammonia was recorded every 5 minutes for 35 minutes, at a pH of 6.0. The graph shows the results of this investig
January 2019, AS Unit 1, Q6(b) (4 marks): Thrombin inhibitors are drugs that have an effect on the time taken for blood to clot. Explain why thrombin inhibitors affect the time taken for blood to clot.
January 2019, AS Unit 1, Q7(a) (2 marks): The insects were removed from each gall before the investigation. Suggest why the insects were removed from the galls. (2)
January 2019, AS Unit 1, Q7(b)(i) (1 mark): The diagram shows the R group of the amino acids, alanine, aspartate and tryptophan. CH2 H C CH2 C C CH CH3 C HC C CH −O O N C H H alanine aspartate tryptophan
January 2019, AS Unit 1, Q7(b)(ii) (2 marks): The solubility of an amino acid can be determined by measuring the maximum mass of the amino acid that dissolves in a known volume of solvent. The solubility of
January 2019, AS Unit 1, Q7(c) (6 marks): The gall-forming insects secrete saliva into the plant tissues. The saliva contains enzymes that change the nutrients in the leaf and cause the galls to form. T

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